Journal of Archaeological Studies

An Archaeological Study on Accounting System in Prehistoric Human Societies of the Qazvin Plain: the Case of Tepe Zagheh

Niloufar Moghimi

Volume 7, Issue 1 , March 2015, , Pages 127-146

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.56684

Abstract

The study of the circumstances surrounding the development of record-keeping for information purposes, and of what these records looked like, in prehistoric human societies has always ... Read More

Shimashki Potteries of the Saymarreh Valley Based on the Ghale Zinal and Gharatmalghah Findings

Khoda Karam Mazaheri; Bahram Karimi

Volume 6, Issue 1 , September 2014, , Pages 129-148

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2014.52680

Abstract

The goal of this article is to study the Shimashki potteries in the Saymarreh valley. Archaeological surveys conducted in the Saymarreh valley shows that the painted pottery tradition ... Read More

The Origin of Snake Motifs in the Material Culture of Southeastern Iran During Third Millennium B.C: Some Evidences for Making Relationship With Elam and Mesopotamia

Volume 7, Issue 2 , December 2016, , Pages 131-145

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.57752

Abstract

The interactions between southeastern sites of Iranian plateau and western sites in Susa and Mesopotamia in the third millennium B.C is one of the most controversial aspects of the ... Read More

A Chronological and Stylistic Re-Appraisal for Kay Kavus Catacomb of Sahneh, Kermanshah Province

Mazdak Shervin

Volume 10, Issue 2 , January 2019, , Pages 139-158

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.68535

Abstract

The catacomb of Kay Kavus, located on the Darband highlands to the north of the modern city of Sahneh, has a southwest looking Iwan that originally included a pair of free-standing ... Read More

Archaeological Survey of Qohestan Castles

Firouz Mahjour; Sattar Khaledian

Volume 4, Issue 2 , February 2013, , Pages 141-158

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2013.32124

Abstract

Qoheston is a region in the southeastern Khorasan which includes Kashmar, Tabas, Ferdos, Birjand, Qaen, Torbate Haidarie, Khaf and Taibad cities. This region is surrounded by Sabzevar ... Read More

Iran; Origin of So-Called Kūbācheh Pottery

Firūz Mahjūr

Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 2010, , Pages 143-160

Abstract

The Iranian origin of some pottery was confirmed by discovery of various types known as K?b?cheh, including black, green and colorful pens found in archeological excavations of the ... Read More

The Saki Abad Site at the Choqakhor Pond’s Basin: Evidence of a Chalcolithic Nomadic Settlement in the southern Zagros

Ali Asghar Nouroozi; Mohsen Heydari; Khosro Ahmadi

Volume 5, Issue 1 , December 2013, , Pages 145-164

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2013.35949

Abstract

Sakiabad is one of the most important sites in the Choqakhor pond’s basin which show remains of nomadic settlement in the Chalcolithic period. Salvage excavation was carried out ... Read More

The Impact of Drainage Systems in the Selection of Site locations Case Study: Meymon Abad Sites

Mehran i Magsoud; Seyyed Mohammad Zaman Zadeh; Hassan Fazeli Nashli; Rouhollah Yousefi Zoshk; Samira Chazghe; Hojat Ollah Ahmadpour

Volume 5, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 145-161

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2014.50403

Abstract

Water resources throughout human history have always been an important factor in attracting human settlement. The main purpose of this paper was to investigate what is the role of Shadchay ... Read More

History of Pars During the Arsacid Era Based on the Numismatic Evidence

Yaghoub Mohammadifar; Alireza Khounani

Volume 6, Issue 2 , March 2015, , Pages 149-165

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.54180

Abstract

The decentralized structure of the Arsacid Empire brought both positive and negative consequences to the country. Despite all confusions, this particular political trend helped ancient ... Read More

Spatial Analysis and Predictive Modelling Applied to the Archaeological Sites of Bastam Plain, Northeast of Iran

Sharareh Farokhnia

Volume 8, Issue 1 , April 2016, , Pages 151-170

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2016.59500

Abstract

To obtain the site location modeling and patterning archaeological data to extract settlement pattern, GIS spatial analysis methods have been chosen for the study of Bastam plain. By ... Read More

Archaeological Evidence in Timing of Seymarreh Landslide

Khoda Karam Mazaheri

Volume 8, Issue 2 , March 2017, , Pages 151-165

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2017.61774

Abstract

Seymarreh landslide is one of the important natural disasters that happened at east south of Seymarreh valley at Darrehshahr town ship in the past. This landslide has attracted attention ... Read More

Art – Industry of Textile in the Period of Shah Abbas Safavid (978-1038 AH)

Hamid Reza Safakish; forough yazdani

Volume 9, Issue 1 , August 2017, , Pages 151-165

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2017.205927.142288

Abstract

Shah Abbas Safavid period can be known as the golden age of textile industry-art in Iran. During his government, he provided the necessities for growth and development of textile in ... Read More

The Process of Changes in the Post Proto Elamite Sites Based on the Ceramic and Glyptic Arts

tahereh shokri; Morteza Hessari

Volume 11, Issue 1 , May 2019, , Pages 153-166

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.71109

Abstract

The large areas of the lands of Proto-Elamite period from the west to the east of Iranian plateau indicates the importance of that period and requires a special attention to the Proto-Elamite ... Read More

Ancient City of Sirjan during 7th-8th Centuries AH Citing Historical Evidence and Pottery Findings

ahmad sohrabi nia; abed taghavi

Volume 11, Issue 2 , October 2019, , Pages 153-169

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.73112

Abstract

During the 7th-8th centuries AH, Sirjan was one the most important and valid cities in the Kerman region which was ruled by local states known as Qarakhtaian and Al Mozafar. Not only ... Read More

Chahār Tāqi of Mileh Milegeh, A Fire-temple from the Sassanian Era

Yusef Moradi

Volume 1, Issue 1 , January 2009, , Pages 155-183

Abstract

The newly found chah?r t?qi of Mileh Milehgeh is one of the fire-temples of the Sassanian era that was built, like other fire-temples of that time, with pieces of rock and plaster. ... Read More

Petrographic Study of Islamic potteries of Shahr-e Belgheys, Northern Khorasan Province.

Mahboubeh Abbasabadi Arabi; Yasin sedghi; Seyed Iraj Beheshti; akbar abedi

Volume 10, Issue 1 , August 2018, , Pages 155-167

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2018.215741.142330

Abstract

In the present paper, we have tried to study the mineralogy of ten pieces of the glazed potteries of Islamic era were discovered during a systematic archaeological survey on the Shahr-e ... Read More

Location of Fourfold Fire Temples of Mihr Narseh (A Study of Fire Temples along Bishapour-Ardashir Khorrah Route)

Javad Neyestani; Abbas Namjoo; Mehdi Mousavi KouhPar

Volume 3, Issue 1 , July 2011, , Pages 159-176

Abstract

Based on writing of Tabari as well as other historical researches, Mihr Narseh, Prime Minister of Bahram V (421-439 AD) founded a number of buildings in the province of Ardashir Khorrah. ... Read More

Hierarchical or Transegalitarian? Societies of the Transitional Chalcolithic Period on the North-Central Plateau of Iran

Hassan Fazeli nashli; Roger Matthews

Volume 12, Issue 4 , May 2021, , Pages 165-192

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2021.320058.142994

Abstract

Tracking the emergence of political authority and social hierarchy in the archaeological record has been one of the major challenges addressed by archaeologists in the past fifty years ... Read More

Archaeological Survey of Potteries in the Site of Nachir Khanloq of the Ray

Firooz Mahjoor; Mohmmad Ebrahimi-Niya; Hossein Sedighiyan

Volume 3, Issue 2 , February 2012, , Pages 173-192

Abstract

With at least 11 hectares site locating on Fashafooyeh from Rey Town, the archaic area of Nachir Khanloq is one of the important regions from Islamic period that has been less noticed ... Read More

The Study of Middle Chalcolithic Pottery in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari by Using Petrographic and ICP-OES Analysis

Fatemeh Hajinoroozi; Mahmood Heydarian; Alireza Khosrowzadeh

Volume 13, Issue 2 , September 2021, , Pages 175-198

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.290969.142795

Abstract

The work has tried to study the structural propinquity of Middle Chalcolithic potteries in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari, which, in terms of appearance, are very similar to those of Khuzestan ... Read More The work has tried to study the structural propinquity of Middle Chalcolithic potteries in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari, which, in terms of appearance, are very similar to those of Khuzestan and Fars, by using laboratory studies. The pottery with well- firing was made in the color range of buff, cream, buff-green, light green and less frequently orange wares. Characteristic of these ceramics is the paste which tends to be buff or its different shades. Sand and fine white particles were used as temper. The painted type is seen in buff, creamy or greenish creamy. The designs generally include geometric motifs represented mainly by parallel bands and lines, undulating lines, hanging triangles, checkerboard patterns, ladders and dot motifs. For the provenance of these types of pottery, the use of laboratory methods seemed necessary to find out whether this pottery is native or has entered to area by the nomads. We can largely determine the interactions of the communities on the Iranian plateau during the Middle Chalcolithic. For this purpose, it employs a combination of field, library and laboratory methods. 32 pieces of pottery, collected from the surface of the Middle Chalcolithic sites of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari, Khuzestan and Fars, were analyzed by performing petrographic and ICP-OES analysis. After the analysis and multiplicity compering between Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari samples and similar structural samples, it was concluded that specimens of Khuzestan and Fars are naturally produced in the same regions as the origin of the Susa and Bakun pottery, respectively. But the samples of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari have been produced in itself, the Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari areas, despite the apparent technical similarities with the neighboring regions. In fact, the production of pottery, is made by the influence of neighboring cultures, but, this effect was due to the transferring of potters to the area or the transferring of the technology of making pottery due to the nomad movements

In Search of the Message of Srōš: Investigation of the Deity Srōš and his Iconography During the Sasanian Period

Rahele Koulabadi; Seyed Mehdi Mousavi Kouhpar; Morteza Ataie

Volume 14, Issue 2 , September 2022, , Pages 181-197

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2022.338945.143094

Abstract

Srōš is a great Zoroastrian diviniy in the Avesta and Middle Persian texts. He functioned as a warrior and a fighter against evil, a high priest, and one of the judges of the ... Read More

Analysis of the Mortar of Early Islamic Era on Tomb Towers and Castles of Eastern Mazandaran by XRD Method

shahin mahyar; Bahman Firuzmandy Shirehjini; Hayedeh Khamseh

Volume 13, Issue 1 , July 2021, , Pages 189-209

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.269379.142641

Abstract

After the political collapse of the Sassanid Empire, a kind of national resistance against the Arabs came into being. Tabaristan was one of those areas that the invading tribes did ... Read More After the political collapse of the Sassanid Empire, a kind of national resistance against the Arabs came into being. Tabaristan was one of those areas that the invading tribes did not have a good chance of reaching due to its special geographical location. Inscriptions in the Pahlavi language indicates that until the fourth century AH in some areas of Tabaristan, this language was trusted and can be a sign of a cultural resistance of the people of this land against the Arab invasion. According to this, The hypothesis of this research is that the study of mortar of the remaining buildings related to the early Islamic period and its comparison with the Sassanid period mortar can show the evolution of the mortar structure up to several centuries after the collapse of the previous system of government. The selection of Mazandaran as the spatial territory of this research is for the existence of three tomb towers (Figure1,2) that were built in the fourth century AH and have two common elements, which are the structure of brick and mortar with Kufic and Pahlavi inscriptions. Apart from these towers which are located in the east of present-day Mazandaran, there are many castles (Table2) in these areas that a comparative study of their mortar structure can be helpful in achieving the goal of this research. The purpose of this study is to find the answer to the question whether after the fall of the Sassanid Empire and the disruption of the long-standing political order of Iran, there has been a change in the technology of mortar production and how long and in which parts of Iran this can be done. We assume that the land of Tabaristan, as mentioned before, can be a good place to seek this technical transformation. The laboratory method selected for the study is called XRD analysis method. In the case of mortars and mineral powders, the XRD method is a reliable method. The XRD method is also effective for different granulations, as all the minerals in the mortar show an X-ray scattering pattern that is easily detectable in phase detection software. If you need quantitative analysis of mortar, you should use complementary methods of elemental analysis such as "SEM" or even XRF method, which is not the purpose of this study; This is because the same quantitative standard was not used to make mortar in different geographical areas, and only the method of construction was the same over time, which changed over time, depending on the needs of the architects. The hardening of the mortar and its adhesiveness depend on the reabsorption of the initial crystallization water of the raw mortar. Therefore, the use of any organic matter, whether plant material, or food additives such as egg white or egg yolk, etc., has no effect on the chemical structure of the mortar and does not help it to harden and stick. As a result, the use of organic matter detection methods such as "Chromatography", UV and IR spectroscopy, etc. will not be effective in this study. According to the analysis (Table3), it can be said that in general, the mortar of all three tomb towers, like most Sassanid structures, is a mortar of gypsum. Among the mortar samples of the studied castles in East Mazandaran (Table4), the predominant phase with the composition of "gypsum" has been identified only in the samples of "Hammam Kojoor Castle", "Varazan Noor Castle" and "Kanglo Castle". Also in all the samples in which the "gypsum" composition forms the leading phase, we encounter the "dolomite" or "calcite" phase together with the "quartz" phases with different crystal shapes, which are reminiscent of the same structure of Sassanid mortars. Copper-based sulfur compounds from natural copper ores and Aluminum silicate compounds in some samples are also due to natural impurities in the raw ore. Due to the phase diagrams and the number of phase adaptations, it is not possible to confirm the manual addition of sand or clay to the gypsum mortar in these samples. The results of XRD studies by the author on samples of raw gypsum (Table5), clay and sand stones (Table6) indicate that at least throughout the Sassanid era, the predominant mortar used in the construction of castles, palaces and Fire temples was gypsum mortar, which according to special heating conditions, the composition of calcite remains in the mortar and this has caused the stability of this mortar. But due to the fall of the empire, still in the early Islamic period, we see the use of the same gypsum mortar in the eastern regions of Mazandaran. Considering the date of construction of Sassanid tombs and castles such as "Kanglo Castle", and the similarity of mortar composition of all these samples, it can be concluded that the method of processing, heating and baking gypsum has not changed from the Sassanid period to at least 400 years later in Mazandaran. It seems that the structure of the mortar, in order to reach the next more resistant mortars, goes through a transitional period, the evidence of which can be found in the mortar used in the three tombs of the fourth century AH in East Mazandaran.

GIS and Fuzzy Logic in the Management of Cultural Resources; Presenting the Predictive Model of Chalcolithic Sites in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari

Mahdi Alirezazadeh Alirezazadeh; Mahmood Heydarian; Alireza Khosrowzadeh

Volume 12, Issue 3 , December 2020, , Pages 193-216

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.269316.142640

Abstract

Archaeologists have identified and recorded only some of the innumerable archaeological sites, while thousands of sites are destroyed each year to make way for ongoing land development. ... Read More Archaeologists have identified and recorded only some of the innumerable archaeological sites, while thousands of sites are destroyed each year to make way for ongoing land development. One way to help us understand and protect these sites is to create Predictive models. It is obvious that when it comes to modeling, in fact, with Reductionist approaches, it is an attempt to simulate a phenomenon that has occurred in very distant times. However, predictive models are tools that can help archaeologists in many cases. This research tries to introduce the most suitable locations for the formation of the Chalcolithic settlements of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari whit ArcMap software and based on utilizing the relationship between ancient settlements and landscapes, investigating the role of factors affecting these settlements and predictive models. To achieve this, at first, 75 Chalcolithic sites in this area were surveyed relative to the environmental variables of altitude from the sea level, slope percent, distance from the water resources, vegetation, and soil texture class. Then using fuzzy logic analysis in GIS, the most suitable places for the existence of Chalcolithic sites were identified. Finally, after analyzing the situation of the spatial distribution of the sites concerning the factors mentioned above, and examining the accuracy of the proposed model based on using 15 control sites, proved that this model has come up well from the forecast of the most suitable locations for the formation of the Chalcolithic settlements of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari. In addition to saving time and money, such models can help to better understand the environmental potentials and factors influencing the formation of prehistoric sites. It is very clear that in archeological surveys, a process similar to modeling is subconsciously formed in the mind of the survey team so that after a few days of fieldwork in a particular landscape, the survey team subconsciously understands in which part of the environment the "possibility" of the site is more and in which parts it is less. It should be noted that environmental factors affecting ancient settlements are diverse and abundant. But some of them can be selected as the most important factors. It can never involve all the influencing factors in modeling. The nature of modeling takes advantage of this reductionist perspective. In the meantime, to provide a predictive model for Chalcolithic sites of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, 75 Chalcolithic sites in the region are used. These sites have been identified in archaeological surveys in the region. However, from the environmental variables, five variables of Altitude, Percentage of Land Slope, Distance from the Waterway, Vegetation, and Soil Texture Class were selected. Another point involved in selecting variables is that they do not change much over time. The way it works is that these five variables are added information layers in the ArcMap software. Then the geographical UTM of the desired sites will be added to each of these layers separately. It is easy to determine the distribution of the Chalcolithic sites of the region concerning these layers. These distributions will be presented in the form of diagrams. Here the required information is extracted from 75 sites. This information extracted in the next step forms the basis for the production of “Fuzzy” layers. These fuzzy layers are made with the help of the extracted data of the previous step and by selecting the desired Fuzzy Functions. Finally, by overlay the five fuzzy layers produced, a prediction model is presented for the Chalcolithic sites of the area. The questions that arise here are how ArcMap software can help to better understand environmental factors on ancient settlements? What are the advantages of fuzzy logic modeling? Are such proposed models effective in practice or are they purely theoretical? How accurate is this model and where are the position of important sites and regional indicators in this model? It should be noted that ArcMap software has many capabilities. Among other things, it can easily provide researchers with a view of an area with the help of a digital elevation model (DEM). Using DEM, the location of the sites to environmental factors can be determined. Suppose you have identified a large number of sites, with the help of this software you can easily and with a few commands to determine what distribution the sites have taken with rivers and other factors. These are just a few of the many features of ArcMap software. Using this software, different layers can be analyzed and models can be presented. One of the advantages of the fuzzy prediction model for researchers is that it provides infinite continuous values for the possibility of having a site in a landscape. That is, based on the input information, it can determine the possibility of a site in a landscape as a continuous spectrum (from zero to one). Therefore, the study area can be divided into very desirable, desirable, moderate, etc. in terms of the possibility of the existence of an ancient site. This capability is due to the continuous quantification of fuzzy logic to each of these environmental factors. Also, the prediction model presented in this method is testable. That is, if a model is presented based on the number of sites, it can be tested by several other sites. It can even be determined in the model where the position of the index sites of the region is and what number this model considers for the geographical location of those sites. In fuzzy logic modeling, the performance of fuzzy functions plays a key role. The proposed model can only provide a near-realistic explanation if these functions are used correctly. For example, it is very obvious that in the analysis of variables of altitude and percentage of land slope, different fuzzy functions should be used. As the following theoretical studies will show, the percentage of slope changes compared to altitude changes are more decisive in determining the location of the site. That is, if a few percent is added to the slope, this factor moves to the critical point, while the altitude variable is not so sensitive. That is, in this particular example, the fuzzy function for the slope of the land must be more sensitive than the fuzzy function for the altitude variable. Therefore, it is necessary to model each of the variables with the most appropriate fuzzy function available. That is, the sensitivity of the variable is in good agreement with the sensitivity of the fuzzy function. Considering all these cases, a fuzzy prediction model was presented for the location of Chalcolithic sites of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari. In this model, it was determined what distribution the sites of the region have adopted concerning the mentioned five variables. The desired geography was determined for the possibility of the existence of Chalcolithic sites in this area. In this model, the entire surface of the area was presented as a map, which is colored with a range of black (zero) to white (one). White areas are desirable places for the existence of Chalcolithic sites in the region. However, the black dots indicate that the possibility of a site in those areas is very low. Significant sites of the region, such as Choghate Eskandari, Tape Jamalo, Koganak, Aloni, Tape Afghan, Gerde Chelehgah, and the like, are in white dots in this model. Also, the fuzzy value of these areas can be determined with great accuracy, as shown in the table in this text. Therefore, by using these models, it is possible to determine the desired landscape for placing the Chalcolithic site in practice, not just on paper. While the importance of environmental factors involved in this modeling can be seen. This modeling can save time and money. Also, the reasons for the formation of sites in different landscapes can be examined, and vice versa, why the distribution and existence of sites in such parts of the study area are so low.

A Survey of Origin and Production of the PPN Shell Beads from Ali Kosh, Deh Luran Plain

Hafez Ghaderi; Hojjat Darabi

Volume 13, Issue 3 , September 2021, , Pages 193-210

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.298646.142856

Abstract

During Neolithic time, increasing knowledge and various interactions paved the ground for the new experiments and products as well as spread of commodities and different ideas. Across ... Read More During Neolithic time, increasing knowledge and various interactions paved the ground for the new experiments and products as well as spread of commodities and different ideas. Across the Near East, Neolithic archaeology has mostly focused on the beginning of domestication and sedentary life. Intensive interaction and exchange between societies, however, is amongst outcomes of Neolithization process that resulted in diffusion of some materials such as obsidian. To date, most of the researchers have taken the issue of long-distance contact in the light of geographical diffusion of obsidian, while various materials and commodities were exchanged via wide networks. In this regard, objects made of seashells are of particular importance. As a result of recent excavation at Ali Kosh, a great number of different beads of shell and stone was found...along with seated burials dated to the second half of the 8th millennium BC. Tiny disc-shaped samples constitute the most common beads in the assemblage. They were previously known as stone beads. However, our recent examination shows that they are mostly made of a kind of bivalve sea shell known as Spondylus sp. It seems that such beads were produced on the Pesian Gulf shores, as the closest habitat of the shell, and then were transported or exchanged as finished goods. As evidenced by the recent stratigraphy and human isotopic analysis inhabitants of Ali Kosh had a high level of mobility. This highlights the role of interaction and exchange networks through which beads were diffused across lowlands of southwestern Iran. Accordingly, the site yielded remains of 18 levels indicating subsequent short-term occupations. Furthermore, as by the isotopic analysis, some of the buried individuals seem to have emigrated from shorelines to the site. This highlights the role of interaction and exchange networks through which beads were diffused across lowlands of southwestern Iran. Prevalence of shell beads at Ali Kosh reminds us that obsidian was not the only main exchanged material in the early Neolithic. The main focus of the present article is investigation of production and origin of oyster beads from the pre-pottery Neolithic levels at Ali Kosh, Deh Luran Plain

Position of the Jubara Qquarter in Historical Changes and its Influence on the Zone of Isfaha

Shahbaz Nouri Fesharaki; Mohsen Javeri; Mohammad Mortezayi

Volume 14, Issue 3 , October 2022, , Pages 195-218

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.284264.142737

Abstract

Esfahan is one of the cities that, despite its ups and downs, retains part of its historic texture and is relatively healthy. Two factors have contributed to the maintenance of the ... Read More

Volume 15 (2023)

Volume 14 (2022)

Volume 13 (2021)

Volume 12 (2020)

Volume 11 (2019)

Volume 10 (2018)

Volume 9 (2017)

Volume 8 (2016)

Volume 7 (2015)

Volume 6 (2014)

Volume 5 (2013)

Volume 4 (2012)

Volume 3 (2011)

Volume 1 (2009)

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