The Continuity and Relationship between Meaning and Example in the Tombstone of the Islamic Age of Iran (Case Study of Ram and Stone Lion)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Graduated with a PhD in Archaeology, Faculty of Geography, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran

2 Associate Professor at the Department of Archaeology, in the Faculty of Geography, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran

3 Professor at the Department of Archaeology, in the Faculty of Geography, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran

Abstract

The tombstones in the cemeteries are perhaps one of the most semantically complex human works of art beyond them. These tombstones deal with the most important and most painful event in human life, namely death and the hereafter. The tombstones are of great variety, both in general form and in the motifs on which they are placed; Studying the morphology of the gravestones and exploring the human, animal, plant, geometric and other pictures, together they provide valuable information on Iranian-Islamic religious beliefs, historical sociology, and sociology and Give us.  Tombstones, according to religious beliefs and beliefs, and the culture and geography of each region, have significant diversity. Among the most important of this group of tombstones from the point of view of semantics and mythological beliefs are rams and stone lions. This group of tombstones are generally found in the western half of Iran, especially in the northwest and west of Iran.This paper is a descriptive-analytical study of field and library studies, seeking to discover the congruence between form or volume with motifs and ornaments, or the relationship between meanings and patterns in gravestones and lion-like stones found in cemeteries of the era. Islam is Iran. Studies show that the ram and lion tombstone itself is a symbol of greatness , bravery , heroism , greatness and courage , and all the sub - motifs on the body of these works also somehow reflect and associate these traits and meanings And they are completely dependent on the volume or morphology of the tombstones. The tombstones in the cemeteries are perhaps one of the most semantically complex human works of art beyond them.   Finally, it can be concluded that the stone carving artist has chosen these motifs with full knowledge of the meanings of the shape of the tombstones as well as the motifs placed on them. Therefore, he has been looking for the connection and dependence between form and image in his artwork.

Keywords

References

ğasioglu, F. 2013. DAŞBABA, TÜRKÜN DAŞ YADDAŞI. Baki. Hərbi Nəşriyyat.
__________. 2013. DAŞBABA, TÜRKÜN DAŞ YADDAŞI. Baki. Hərbi Nəşriyyat.
Akhavan-Aghdam, N. 2013. "Iconographical Interpretation of Hunting Scenes in Sassanid Metal Vessels", Kimya- E- Honar, third year, number 12: pp. 33-50. [In Persian].
Ali Nejad, R. 2013. "Safidchah, a profile beyond a cemetery", Fine Arts - Visual Arts Journal, Volume 19, Number 2, 49-56. [In Persian].
Amozgar, J. 2008. Mythological History of Iran, Tehran, Samt. [In Persian].
Avesta. 1371. the oldest Iranian hymns and texts, report and research by Jalil Dostkhah, 2 volumes, second edition, Tehran, Morwarid. [In Persian].
Bigdeli, M. 1990. Turkmens of Iran, first edition, Tehran, Tehran Times lithography. [In Persian].
Bozorgnia, Z. 2010. “tombstones in ancient cemeteries”, Memar Magazine, No. 63, 84-91. [In Persian].
Dadvar, A, Mozen, F. 2008. "Investigation of Bakhtiari's Bayefte motifs", Goljam Quarterly, No. 13, 39-58. [In Persian].
Ferdowsi, A. 1995. Shahnameh, Volumes 1 and 2, corrected by Jule Mel, Tehran, Sokhan. [In Persian].
Ghahremani, F. 2016. "The Symbolism of Tools in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh", Literary Aesthetics Quarterly, Year 15, Number 34, 181-205.
Ghazaryan, M. 1985. Armenian Carpets. Sovietsky Khudozhnik.
Ghazaryan, M. 1985. Armenian Carpets. Sovietsky Khudozhnik.
Ghorbani, A, Yazdani Rad, A, and Barati, T. 2017. "An examination of the myth and symbol of the ram in the art of ancient Iran, focusing on the stone rams of Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari", two monthly specialized research journals in art and humanities, Third year, N: 2, 56-47. [In Persian].
Hafeshjani, S. 2016. a research on the ritual motifs of the tombstones of Hafeshjan city in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province of Iran, the third international research conference in science and technology, Germany: Berlin. [In Persian].
Hall, J, Luchik, J. 2010. Glim, translated by Shirin Homayoun Far and Nilufar Elfat Shayan, Tehran, Karang. [In Persian].
Hall, J. 2011. Pictorial Anthology of Symbols in Eastern and Western Art, translated by Roghieh Behzadi, Tehran, Contemporary Culture. [In Persian].
Hamze-Nejad, M. Khorasani Moghadam, S. 2013. "Typology of Islamic tombs in Iran, based on the sacred concepts of likeness, tanzieh, jamal and jalal", Iranian Architectural Studies, No. 2, 109-128. [In Persian].
Hayes, H.R. 1961. History of Anthropology, translated by Abolqasem Taheri, Tehran, Ibn Sina. [In Persian].
Homaei, J. 1983. Al-Tafhim Al-Wael Ghaeh al-Tanjim, Tehran, Babak.
Jalali, S. Javani, A. and Qani, A. 2017. "Introduction of some content and structural components of the Quchak pattern in the Turkmen carpet", Art Research, 8th year, 16th issue, 27-40. [In Persian].
Jolodar, M. Hosseini, H. and Shatari, M. 2014. "Investigation of mace use in the Safavid period, the second national archeology conference of Iran", second session, Birjand University, General Department of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of South Khorasan, 1-15. [In Persian].
Jung, C.G. 1973, Man and His Symbols, translated by Abutaleb Sarmi, Tehran, Paya. [In Persian].
Karang, A.A. 1998. Antiquities of Azerbaijan, first volume, Tehran, National Antiquities Association. [In Persian].
Khazaei, M. 2008. "The role of the lion, the image of Imam Ali in Islamic art", Book of the Month of Art, No. 31 and 32, 37-39. [In Persian].
Khosronejad, P. 1998. "Tombstones from the window of the anthropology of art", Art Month book, N: 1, 23-26. [In Persian].
Margarian. A. H. 1986. Introduction in: Azatian, V.G. Armenian Rugs. Yerevan: Hayastan.
Margarian. A. H. 1986. Introduction in: Azatian, V.G. Armenian Rugs. Yerevan: Hayastan.
Mokhtarian, B, Shokri, B. 2013. "The role of the ram in rituals related to the Great Lady in Lorestan", Iranian anthropological researches, year 1, number 1, 151-135. [In Persian].
Mollaie, C. 2012. a review of Farvardin Yasht (Avesta hymn in praise of the Furors), Tabriz, Tabriz University. [In Persian].
Morshedizad, A. 2007. "Symbols and Rituals in Iran after the Revolution and Their Role in National Solidarity", National Studies Quarterly, 36, Year 9, Number 4, 73-98. [In Persian].
Nikouei, A, Behzad, B, and Masoumeh G. 2014. "Reviewing the historical narratives of Yazdgerd I and Bahram V with an emphasis on the critical analysis of the discourse", Adab Pazouhi, No. 31, 38-9. [In Persian].
Pope, A. 2008. a tour of Iranian art from prehistory to today, Tehran, scientific and cultural. [In Persian].
Qarbari, A. 2013. Stone lion, a research about stone lion in Bakhtiari, Shahrekord. [In Persian].
Rashad, A. 1384. Imam Ali's Knowledge Book, first volume, Tehran, Islamic Culture and Guidance Research Institute. [In Persian].
Rasmi, A. 2013. "The Role of Iranians in the Emergence of Medical Symbols", Medical History Quarterly, 4th year, 10th issue, 33-67. [In Persian].
Rezadoost, K. Mombeini, M.A. 2018. "Investigation of factors affecting the use of colors in Bakhtiari handicrafts", Ilat and Nomadic Studies, first year, first issue, 87-112. [In Persian].
Ronnberg, A. Van Leeuwen, T. 2010. The Book of Symbols. “Semiotics and Iconography”, The Handbook of Visual Analysis, ed. Theo Van Lueewen and Carey Jewitt, Britain, Sage Publishers:  92-118.
Ronnberg, A. Van Leeuwen, T. 2010. The Book of Symbols. “Semiotics and Iconography”, The Handbook of Visual Analysis, ed. Theo Van Lueewen and Carey Jewitt, Britain, Sage Publishers,  92-118.
Serlo, J.E. 2009. Culture of Symbols, translated by Mehrangiz Ohadi, Tehran, Dostan. [In Persian].
Shahroui, S. 2014. "Rostam, a mythical or epic character", Adab Pozuhi, number 33, 127-161. [In Persian].
Streiter, O. Leonhard v. and Yoann G. 2007. From Tombstones to corpora:TSML Goudin. “For Research on language, culture, Identity and Gender Differences. PALIC21, Specific Asia conference on language information and computation.
Streiter, O. Leonhard v. and Yoann G. 2007. From Tombstones to corpora:TSML Goudin. “For Research on language, culture, Identity and Gender Differences. PALIC21, Specific Asia conference on language information and computation
Tanavoli, P. 2009. Tombstone, first edition, Tehran, Bengah. [In Persian].
Tanavoli, P. 2012. History of Sculpture in Iran, first edition, Tehran, Nazar. [In Persian].
Yahaghi, M.J. 2009. the culture of myths and stories in Persian literature, Tehran, Contemporary Culture. [In Persian].
Zaka, Y. 1965. "The history of changes and evolutions in the sign and symbol of the Iranian government, from the beginning of the 13th century AH to today", Art and People, No. 38, 21-29. [In Persian].
Zulqarnain, D. 2012. Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam, translated by Gholam Ali Haddad Adel, Tehran, Big Islamic Encyclopedia. [In Persian].
Journal of Archaeological Studies
Volume 14, Issue 3 - Serial Number 31
October 2022
Pages 169-194

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 31 July 2019
  • Revise Date: 11 April 2020
  • Accept Date: 14 August 2022
  • First Publish Date: 03 October 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics