Journal of Archaeological Studies

Investigating the Cultural Evolutions in Western Hinterlands of Alvand From Chalcolithic period to the End of Iron Age (Based on an archeological survey in Tuyserkan intermountain plain)

Reza Nazari Arshad; Khalilollah Beik Mohammadi

Volume 8, Issue 2 , March 2017, , Pages 209-227

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2017.61779

Abstract

Extensive or intensive methods in archeological surveys are amongst the most common practical techniques in identifying phenomena, cultural changes and cultural ecosystem. Studying ... Read More

Distribution of Uruk Material Culture and it's Cultural and Political Interplay with Kura-Araxes Tradition

Sepideh Maziar

Volume 9, Issue 1 , August 2017, , Pages 211-231

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2017.64013

Abstract

In the fourth Millennium BC, as the societies became more complex and with the formation of Uruk culture and the sophisticated social and economic mechanisms behind it, we are confronted ... Read More

A Historical Archaeology of the Zoroastrian Societies in Maybod (Yazd): A Preliminary Report of Archaeological Survey in the Mazra’e Kalantar and Hassan Abad Villages

Hassan Fazeli nashli; Ruth Young

Volume 11, Issue 2 , October 2019, , Pages 211-226

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.73114

Abstract

A joint team from University of Tehran and Leicester University carried out a first season of archaeological exploration of Zoroastrian societies in Maybod of Yazad province during ... Read More

Hunting in the Forest Steppe: An Examination of the Painted Panel at Takke Rock-Shelter, Bojnord, Northeastern Iran

Ali Akbar Vahdati

Volume 12, Issue 4 , May 2021, , Pages 233-250

Abstract

< p dir="ltr">The mountainous region of Northern Khorasan, north-eastern Iran is rich in rock art complexes including several petroglyphic and rock-painting sites. The rock paintings ... Read More

The Burial Tradition in the Zoroastrian Religion, The Continuation of the Long Tradition of Secondary Burial during Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic Periods

Mohammad Hossein Rezaei; Mohsen Sangbargan; Omran Garazhian

Volume 13, Issue 2 , September 2021, , Pages 245-270

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2021.275808.142677

Abstract

Burial traditions have not been formed all at once and in the long term numerous factors and variables have played a role in its formation and continuation or obsolescence. Among these ... Read More Burial traditions have not been formed all at once and in the long term numerous factors and variables have played a role in its formation and continuation or obsolescence. Among these factors, we can mention the influence and contacts made between different cultures, and in the meantime, Zoroastrian culture can not be an exception to this rule and it can be said that the burial practice in the Zoroastrian religion (Ossuary) probably has a long history among different ethnic groups and nations, and these cultures were influential in adopting the burial practice (Ossuary) in the Zoroastrian religion. Similar to the burial practice (Ossuary) in the Zoroastrian religion, it has been found in the Iranian plate and Levant and Central Asian in the Epipaleolithic period to the late Bronze Age. Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate the relationship between the secondary burial practice during the Epipaleolithic period and the time of the advent of Zoroastrian religion and its effect on the burial method in Zoroastrianism. Accordingly, the present research seeks to answer the following questions: How early on and how did the burial data of archaeology come from? And what is the connection between the method of the second burial and burial in Zoroastrianism?. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical, based on archaeological reports. In the present study, information was obtained from archaeological reports and published articles about various sites of Iran's plateau and Levant and Central Asia, of which secondary burials have been discovered. The philosophy of doing this burial method could be different or a reason other than respect for nature, and these secondary burials were probably carried out by non-sedentry groups that used permanent sites for burial and probably died somewhere outside the facility, and the possibility of transferring bodies to There were no grounds for burial, so the deceased were abandoned in the same place, and later, after the loss of soft tissues, the bones were collected and buried in the graves in the site

Sirjan, One of the Glassmaking Centers in Southeast Iran in Early Islamic Centuries: Classification and Typology of the Glassware of Old City of Sirjan

Hasan Karimiyan; Zeinab Afzali

Volume 13, Issue 3 , September 2021, , Pages 265-286

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.282139.142721

Abstract

The Old City of Sirjan site that is located about 11 km southeast of present-day Sirjan is the remains of the city from the Sassanid period to Middle Islamic centuries, which has been ... Read More The Old City of Sirjan site that is located about 11 km southeast of present-day Sirjan is the remains of the city from the Sassanid period to Middle Islamic centuries, which has been mentioned in historical and geographical sources as the capital of Kerman Province. All written historical sources highlight the political and cultural significance of this city in southeastern Iran in early Islamic centuries. Despite the fact that the Old City of Sirjan played a key role in the early Islamic centuries as the seat of Kerman province, archaeological studies on this city are still very rare. Written sources provide valuable information regarding this era; however, issues such as social structure, economic and cultural activities of the residents have been neglected. During the studies carried out by the authors of this paper on the arena of the city, considerable and variety of cultural material including pottery and glassware pieces were discovered. The volume variety of these discoveries raised questions as to the time and place of crafting, living of the craftsmen, industrial workshops, crafting and decoration techniques and artistic aspects of these remains. Current study aims to present the classification, typology and relative chronology of the glassware found in the arena of Old City of Sirjan this is done in order to determine their technical and decorative characteristics and compare the acquired data with those of the adjacent areas in the early Islamic centuries. The data were obtained through systematic surface survey and were evaluated using a descriptive-analytical methodology. The study revealed that the Old City of Sirjan glassware were produced through free blowing or blowing into the mould and were decorated through techniques such as moulded patterns, sculpture, carvings and stamping. The mass production of glassware in the old Sirjan proves that during 3rd - 5th AH, the city of Sirjan acted as the great prosperity center for glassware products

Classification and typology of the Islamic period potteries of Neyriz Plain, Fars Province

Hassan Moradi; Hassan Karimian

Volume 12, Issue 3 , December 2020, , Pages 269-291

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.255521.142551

Abstract

The Neyriz Plain, which is located between Kerman and Fars provinces, with an area of around 240km2 has hosted important settlements belonging to the Islamic era (Figure 1). In order ... Read More The Neyriz Plain, which is located between Kerman and Fars provinces, with an area of around 240km2 has hosted important settlements belonging to the Islamic era (Figure 1). In order to identifying these settlements and to determine their chronological order, a systematic surface survey was carried out by the authors at the first season of 2017. The first step was to study the ceramic fragments collected from surface survey, and compare them on the basis of similarities of their forms, fabric and decoration. Based on the results of data analysis, the ceramics were classified into eight main categories. So, the main aim of this paper is to perform classification, typification, and propose a relative chronology of the collected potteries from Islamic period sites from the Neyriz Plain. The results suggest a strong relation between the ceramics belonging to the Early to Mid-Islamic era (11-16 cetury AD) and the eastern Iranian civilizations, such as Sirjan. For instance, the slip-painted and polychrome Sgraffiato potteries have considerable similarity to those obtained from Sirjan. Indeed, the Neyriz plain may be considered as one of the main distribution areas of the slip-painted potteries of Sirjan. Moreover, the ceramics dated 13-17 centuries AD are indication of the cultural ties and trade relations between this region of Fars province with Nishabur, Kerman and Sistan regions of Iran. The main aim of this paper is to perform classification, typification, and to propose a relative chronology of the collected potteries from Islamic period sites from the Neyriz Plain. The objectives are to compare Neyriz Plain potteries to similar ones from other Islamic archaeological sites, and to recognize inter and intraregional connections of the ancient settlements of this plain and other ceramic production centers. The present research aims answer the question of to what extend settlements of the Neyriz Plain find cultural relation to other Iranian Islamic settlements? And how much study of ceramic fragments will reveal such relationships? Primary investigation of historical sources indicates interregional cultural ties between Neyriz and Shiraz (on the west), and Kerman and Sirjan provinces (from the east). Furthermore, considering the location of Neyriz Plain on the main route between Shiraz to Kerman corridor, vast cultural ties can be imagined between Neyriz Plain settelement and eastern Iranian cities, such as Sirjan, Kerman and even Nishabour on the northeast of Iran. The present research adopts a descriptive-analytical method in both fieldwork and bibliographical studies. Fieldworks consist of pottery findings, typology, and classification of findings (based on similarities of their forms, and decorative elements), while bibliographic activities include literature survey, similar findings, and suggestive dating. Although there have been efforts in investigating pottery data of northern coasts of the Persian Gulf, there is little information on regional data, especially areas between Fars, Kerman, and Mokran (northern area of Persian Gulf) during early Islamic periods. Neyriz, located at the eastern Fars Province on the Shiraz to Sirjan trade corridor, is a marvelous ancient region with remarkable sites. Further to identification of 63 sites at Neyriz Plain, some 911 potsherds recovered from the Bakun to late Islamic periods. The authors focus on 440 Islamic fragments, which were generally divided into two unglazed (214 pieces), and glazed (226 pieces) sherds. Considering their form, temper, impurity and decorations, they were categorized to eight main groups, towards chronological comparison against other similar samples. Unglazed potteries include two slipped ones and potteries with incised and stamped decorations, which are characteristically the majority in the collection and consisted of two groups of thickly slipped potteries (Figure 2). Glazed samples include six main groups of monochrome, Sgraffito, splashed, slipped painted, underglaze painting, and painting on glaze ceramics. The potteries reveal information about patterns of production, consumption, and distribution of pottery during different periods. Thick slipped potteries date to Sassanid to early Islamic periods (3-8 centuries AD). Considering incised designs under slips and color of slips within the group, it appears that all four groups are from the same period. The first group, with thick slip and fine temper, from Williamson Collection, date to 2nd century BC to 7th AD century (Priestman, 2005: 232-234, 402, Pl. 82-84). It appears, considering incised designs with similar themes, they are later than the other three groups, while they date to a same period. It is confirmable following absence of the same findings from two other Parthian sites in Neyriz Plain. Potteries with incised designs frequently associated with potteries with stamped, and cylindrical designs, similar to findings from Sirjan and Qasr-i-Abu Nasr (Whitcomb, 1985: 122, 135). However, turquoise glaze is the most common monochrome glaze; it is the most abundant one. On the other hand, there are other monochrome glazes that characteristically are significant in the pottery studies. The white mono chrome pottery that is one of the particles of the “Samarra Horizon”, has several production centers including Sirjan (Williamson, 1987: 15), which appears an indication of a bigger pattern of relations, comparing to previous period. The green mono chrome glazed pottery that is very similar to the same color Sgraffito is reported also as findings of eastern coasts of Africa. The turquoise mono chrome glaze with earthen temper, vastly range many forms and quality of glaze that date as wide as Sassanid to Late Islamic periods, for continuity of production and consumption. The other type is stone paste that mainly appears as open form vessels and date to 11-13 century. Slip painted wares of Neyriz are similar to the findings from Sirjan, which appears, as a characteristic pottery within 10th and 11th centuries AD, as an indication of more relations to Sirjan. Potteries with splashed and Sgraffito glaze are chronologically and technically similar, which indicate a penetration of Sirjan to Neyriz. Pottery with underglaze paintings from group 1 are similar to findings from other centers including Kashan, Gorgan, and Soltan Abad that had commercial relations. Such pottery can be found in other areas of Iran as well. The underglaze painted Potteries from group 2 indicate commercial relation to the regions such as Nishapur and Samarqand, of which productions have found in other regions including southern Africa. Black painting under turquoise glaze potteries are of common types dated to 13-17 centuries. Blue and white potteries produced at various centers, the closest one Kirman. Turquoise & Black Underglaze-Painted Ware, Blue and White Underglaze-Painted are similar to findings from Keram and Sistan that indicate vast inter regional cultural relation. The absence of some mostly known Islamic potteries including moulded Celadon, and luster ceramics are of the other issues, significant in studies of potteries of Neyriz Plain, which probably is for lack of production and circulation of the wares in the region.

Evaluation of X-Ray Microprobe Nondestructive Analysis for Characterization of Chemical Composition of Ancient Glazes

Somayeh Noghani; Fahimeh Shirani; Mohammad Mehdi Karimnejad

Volume 9, Issue 2 , April 2018, , Pages 193-210

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2018.203938.142279

Abstract

Investigation and evaluation of historical object's properties and their components with respect to structural, technical and pathological point of view through nondestructive testing ... Read More

The Influences of Islamic Beliefs on the Structural Patterns of Residential Areas: A Case from Golchinan Sectors of Yazd City

hamid azizi; hassan karimiyan

Volume 10, Issue 2 , January 2019, , Pages 205-220

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2018.208157.142295

Abstract

According to many researches, the beliefs are the Influential factors in the architectural elements and city spaces through which the cities are known as reflection of resident’s ... Read More

A Preliminary Report on the Petrographic Analysis of Bakun A Potteries of Fars Province

Maryam Maani; MohammadReza Saeedi Harsini; ahmad chaychi

Volume 11, Issue 1 , May 2019, , Pages 217-232

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.71115

Abstract

The Fars Region, as an internal watershed with several permanent rivers and waste water streams especially Kor and Sivand Rivers, had created many types of settlements. For this reason, ... Read More

Classification and Typology of Late Chalcolithic Period's Pottery Culture of Northern Central of Iran's Plateau in light of Northern Mound's Findings of MeymanatAbad Tepe

rohola yosefi; majid zeighmi; saeed baghizadeh

Volume 10, Issue 1 , August 2018, , Pages 227-246

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2018.219039.142346

Abstract

In terms of synchronic studies, the Late Chalcolithi period is characterized by Sialk IV1 cultural horizon at on the northern edge of the central desert. The final feature of proto-literate ... Read More

The Study of Symmetrical Motifs and Patterns in the Hittite Bas-Reliefs

nushin kabutary; Alireza Hejebri Nobari

Volume 11, Issue 2 , October 2019, , Pages 227-244

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.73115

Abstract

Symmetry is an analytical tool, used in recognition of intercultural relations as well as artistic objects comparison. It was first appeared in archaeological research since 1900’s ... Read More

Population Estimate in Sistan on the Basis of Ethno-archaeological Studies

Zohair Vasegh Abbasi; Rahmat Abbasnejad Seresti; Hamid Reza Ghorbani; Mohamad Sadegh Roostaei

Volume 8, Issue 2 , March 2017, , Pages 229-243

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2017.61780

Abstract

From the end of 1960’s decade when Processual Archaeology was emerged until now, Ethno-archaeology has reconstructed economicو social, technological and ideological structures ... Read More

An Epistemological Approach to Concept of Material and Meaning in Archaeology

Volume 9, Issue 1 , August 2017, , Pages 233-250

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2017.64014

Abstract

This paper demonatrates an Epistemological approach to the concept of material and meaning in archaeology. The starting point and the basic objective of this article is briefly concentrated ... Read More

The Jalalabad Seal, A Reappraisal

Massimo Vidale; Francois Desset; Dennys Frenez

Volume 12, Issue 4 , May 2021, , Pages 251-263

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2021.323646.143020

Abstract

We re-discuss the so-called Jalalabad seal, a well-known cylinder seal dating of the late 3rd millennium BC, reportedly found in Fars. It displays a scene related to a south-eastern ... Read More

Iconography of Animal Motifs in Seals of Magi in Sasanian Period

meysa shahsavari; seyed mehdi mosavi kohpar; Javad Neyestani

Volume 13, Issue 2 , September 2021, , Pages 271-291

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2021.274985.142673

Abstract

So far, many researches have been done about clergy, their hierarchy, role and position in the Sassanid era and there is considerable information about them. Most of this awareness ... Read More

Local and Regional Styles of Parthian – Sassanian Pottery in the East of Iran Based on the Pottery Sherds from the Nehbandan County (Khorasan-e Jonoubi Province)

Meysam Labbaf-Khaniki; mohammad farjami; Ahmad Heidari

Volume 13, Issue 3 , September 2021, , Pages 287-314

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.301702.142871

Abstract

From the archaeological point of view, pottery contains valuable information about living conditions and economic, social and cultural interactions between peoples who live in a region ... Read More From the archaeological point of view, pottery contains valuable information about living conditions and economic, social and cultural interactions between peoples who live in a region or beyond in past. Identifying the pottery characteristics and its common styles in the region are the first steps for extracting and analyzing this information. Parthian-Sassanian pottery in the east of Iran consists of prominent features that show transregional interactions along with the persistence of local traditions. The collection of pottery sherds newly found in the Neh plain and the Chaharfarsakh Valley of the Nehbandan county provide indicative properties of the traditional pottery styles in eastern Iran during the Parthian and Sassanian periods. Comparative study of the diagnostic Parthian-Sasanian potteries of Sisatn and southern Khorasan demonstrates a close relationship between the pottery traditions of these two regions. Accordingly, the materials wich used as temper and the style of decorations bear an equal resemblance. This resemblance can be detected also in the form of the ceramics from Nehbandan with those from the historical sites of Sistan. Moreover, almost all of the potteries were manufactured using the wheel and only the sherds belonged to the handles, lids, or spouts are handmade. The study of potteries from the Nehbandan county shows that the historical processes in the Parthian and Sassanian periods and passing important roads such as the ancient Khorasan–Sistan route through the region have had a profound impact on the making and processing methods in the manufacturing of the potteries. This study shows that some styles in the Nehbandan region have indigenous and local traits, following the common pottery patterns in the east of Iran. A considerable number of studied cases are influenced by the prevalent designs in Iran which are comparable to the Parthian–Sassanian cultural centres. This is understandable in the context of historical events and cultural trends during the Parthian–Sassanian period

Research on Prehistoric and Historic Settlement of Qalehganj (Chāhdādkhodā area)‎

Salman Anjomrouz; Mohammad Mortezayi

Volume 12, Issue 3 , December 2020, , Pages 293-325

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.270070.142645

Abstract

Chāhdādkhodā is located at the southernmost of Kerman province; on the border with ‎provinces ‎of Sistan & Baluchistan and Hormozgan.‎ In the administrative divisions ... Read More Chāhdādkhodā is located at the southernmost of Kerman province; on the border with ‎provinces ‎of Sistan & Baluchistan and Hormozgan.‎ In the administrative divisions of Iran, This area is one of dual districts of Qalehganj towns. ‎In 2016, the first archaeological survey season of Qalehganj was carried out for completing ‎the ‎archaeological map of Iran and identifying the cultural sequence in this area.‎ In present paper, it's tried to determine the regional and trans- regional interactions of study ‎area ‎with its adjacent regions by analyzing and integrating the results of survey.‎ Based on the carried survey, 66 sites and traces were identified that chronologically ‎belonging to ‎periods of Paleolithic (2 cases), fifth millennium bc (2 cases), fourth millennium ‎bc (10 cases), ‎third millennium bc (27 cases), Historic periods(29 sites) and Islamic era (3 cases) ‎and Recent ‎century(2 cases.).‎ Morphologically and functionally, the Ancient sites can be divided to 8 types: 1-Wide multi-‎‎ ‎functional sites 2- Historical Crain burials 3- Ancient tepes 4- Metallurgy sites 5- religion ‎buildings ‎‎6- fortresses 7- Rock engravings 8- Ancient sites with small cultural domination.‎ Based on geographical location, all of above sites situated on two areas as highland zone ‎and ‎plain.‎ Finally, by analyzing of preliminary results of present study area and its adjacent area at ‎northern ‎highlands of Persian gulf, Baluchistan (Bampur) ,Halilroud basin (Jiroft) and Soghan valley) we can consider the study area as a intermediation for connection of mentioned areas in prehistoric and historical periods.‎ Qal’eh Ganj is located on the mostsouthern place of Kerman province. Chāh-e Khodādād is one of two districts of the present Qal’eh Ganj County, on the border of Sistan & Balouchestan and Hormozgan (Figure 1). In 2016, the first season of archaeological survey and reconnaissance of town of Qal’eh Ganj has been carried out as a part of the Iranian National Archaeological Map Project in which the authors tried to clarify the cultural status of the region in different periods in Chāh-e Khodādād District (Mortezayi & Anjomrouz, 2017). In addition to the purposes as mentioned above, the present research attempts to analyze and compound the results of this research and to discern regional and trans-regional connections and interactions with the neighboring areas. This region has a strategic situation because it lies at the trijunction of three significant culturalgeographical zones in the southeast of Iran (Mokrān shores, the Persian Gulf shores and Halīlrūd Rūd (Halīl River) basin (Figure 1). This survey resulted in the discovery of 66 archaeological localities dating from Palaeolithic to Islamic periods. The sites as mentioned earlier which are morphologically influenced by the geographical factors of their places can be categorized into two different types: plain areas and highlands (foothill and mountainous areas). The first season of archaeological survey and reconnaissance of town of Qal’eh Ganj has been carried out as a part of the Iranian National Archaeological Map Project in which the authors tried to clarify the cultural status of the region in different periods in Chāh-e Khodādād District (Mortezayi & Anjomrouz, 2017). The present research attempts to analyse and compound the results of this project and discern regional and trans-regional connections and interactions of this area with the neighbouring areas. Throughout historic and prehistoric period, how is assess the cultural connection of survey area with surrounded regions? Based on geographical location of study area and archaeological document from surrounded area, we can assume survey area as an intermediation for cultural connection between Halilroud basins, Baluchistan and northen beach of Persian Gulf. Based on the survey, 66 sites and properties have been identified and registered which belong to the Paleolithic (Figure 7 & 8; Table 1), 5th millennium BC (Figure 9; Table 1), 4th millennium BC (Figure 10 & 11; Table 1), 3rd millennium BC (Figure 12 & 13; Table 1), Historical period (Figure 15 & 16; Table 1), the Islamic period (Table 1) and the recent century (Table 1). Considering the morphology and forms of the settlements, all of the recollected sites have been divided into eight types of sites including large compound sites, historical cemeteries, ancient tepes (mounds), archaeometallurgical sites, religious buildings, fortresses, petroglyphs and ancient sites with a few numbers of cultural materials. The sites as mentioned earlier which are morphologically influenced by the geographical factors of their places can be categorized into two different types: plain areas and foothill and mountainous areas. This survey which begins with an investigation on some cases dating back to the middle Paleolithic is in line with other similar researches, but it is the starting point of a series of studies in the area in question as well as in the southeast of Iran. The preliminary findings prove, at least, the noticeable potentials of the area under study for further Paleolithic researches. New finds of Paleolithic period from survey area provide a base to develop Paleolithic research in southeastern Iran especially for asses this area in dispersal of human at southern corridor of Iran (Vahdati nasab et al, 2012). Typology and dating of prehistoric sites (Table 2-4) along with their quantity an dispersion of cultural materials indicates potentiality of survey area for appearance and development of third millennium bc occupations and probably cities of this period on the margin of episodic rivers. Vicinity and interference of third millennium sites with chalcolithic occupations suggest fifth and forth millennium cultures for searching origins of Bronze Age occupations formation in same regain. The analysis of the preliminary findings as well as other few investigations in the neighboring regions in the northern heights of the Persian Gulf (Podat, 2010) including the vast sites of the Bronze Age in the seasonal riversides of the sites under study, these findings can function as a bridge between basin of Jazmurian and the northern shores of the Persian Gulf. Presence of special pottery of historical period, namord and londo in study area (Figures 15 & 16; Table 5), implies on intermediating role of southern Jazmurian between areas from Baluchistan to southern shores of Persian Gulf in Arabian Peninsula.

Human Figure proportionality in the Iranian Achaemenid and Egyptian Arts

Rahim velayati

Volume 9, Issue 2 , April 2018, , Pages 211-227

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2018.225885.142384

Abstract

Achaemenid art is royal Courtly art which has been influenced by subordinate nations arts. The different nations like Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Anatolian. As it is clear that Achaemenid ... Read More

Archaeological Surveys in the East Azerbaijan: North of Namin, Ardebil Province

mohammad alizade; reza rezalo; karim hajizade; bheroz afkhmi

Volume 10, Issue 2 , January 2019, , Pages 221-238

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.68542

Abstract

Despite the valuable evidences in the northwestern Iran (Ardebil province) archaeology of this region is now remains unknown and its chronological order is located on the basis of the ... Read More

Archaeological Survey of Parthian Sites in Dargaz Plain, North-East of Iran

Hassan Nami; Seyed Mehdi Mousavinia

Volume 11, Issue 1 , May 2019, , Pages 233-252

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.71116

Abstract

Dargaz County is located in northeastern Iranian Plateau, near to borders of Turkmenistan. Its location so close to Turkmenistan and ancient Nisa, as the first homeland capital of the ... Read More

A Study on the Manufacturing Techniques of Bronze Objects from Tepee Foroodgah and Sangtarashan Ancient sites of Khorramabad, Luristan

Mahdie Geravand; HamidReza BakhshandehFard; Ali Sajjadi

Volume 11, Issue 2 , October 2019, , Pages 245-260

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.73180

Abstract

In recent years, two significant historical sites, Tepe Forodgah and Sangtarashan have been excavated in Khorramabad. Bronze objects explored from both sites exhibit an interesting ... Read More

Evidence of Economic Enterprise Activity in the Proto- Elamite Tablets of Susa

zehra mirashe; Kamaleddin Niknami; Bahman Firouzmandy Shirejin

Volume 9, Issue 1 , August 2017, , Pages 251-264

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2017.64015

Abstract

Considering the boom in the agricultural productions in the plains of Susiana, it seems that the proto-Elamite economic system is similar to that of feudal societies. In such a system, ... Read More

Settlement Patterns of the Bronze Age Sites of the Upper and Middle Atrak Basin in the Northeast of Iran

Alireza Hejebri Nobari; Raffaelo Biscione; nesa judy

Volume 13, Issue 2 , September 2021, , Pages 293-317

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2021.279390.142703

Abstract

In archaeological studies of the region of Southwest Asia, during the period from the late fourth millennium BC to the beginning of the Iron Age (second half of the second millennium ... Read More In archaeological studies of the region of Southwest Asia, during the period from the late fourth millennium BC to the beginning of the Iron Age (second half of the second millennium BC), phenomena such as the growth of settlements in terms of area and population, the emergence of early cities, Trans-regional trade, the formation of government institutions, the emergence and spread of gray and black pottery, extensive changes in technology and the dramatic development of the smelting industry and the use of bronze tools were identified. In this process, an extensive communication network aimed at controlling trade routes and access to raw materials across the plateau by land and sea connected many areas. Economically, in this era, trans-regional trade was established, and communities were connected thousands of miles away from home to obtain the resources they needed. Bronze Age cultures are well known in the most part of Iran but Khorasan is an except and the data are rare and insufficient. Moreover, information about chronology, and distribution of sites during different periods of prehistoric times in different parts of them is very limited. In this research, 38 sites from the Bronze Age period have been studied. These sites were identified in the form of archaeological surveys of the Upper and Middle Atrak during the last decade. This study was done using descriptive-analytic method. For data analysis, GIS and SPSS software, and Correlation and Cluster analysis methods were used. Settlement pattern in the Upper and Middle Atrak basin is similar. It consists of two-level models with large site and a number of small sites around it. The results of this study indicate that due to the lack of water resources in the region, access to the constant water resources is the most important factor in shaping the Bronze age Settlemens. Most sites are also formed during the Early Bronze Age, and we are faced a decrease in the number of sites in the Middle and Late Bronze Age.

Tas Tape: A Parthian Site in Khorasan Based on Field Evidence and Preliminary Results

Azita Mirzaye

Volume 13, Issue 3 , September 2021, , Pages 315-340

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2021.276241.142682

Abstract

Iran's eastern borders have been constantly affected by various events, especially the arrival of different ethnic groups in Central Asia in the form of migration or invasion. However, ... Read More Iran's eastern borders have been constantly affected by various events, especially the arrival of different ethnic groups in Central Asia in the form of migration or invasion. However, ancient sources provide researchers with little knowledge of such events, and this little information is specific to incidents that were widely considered a threat to the central government of Iran. Therefore, written sources do not answer the questions of archaeologists on political, military, various urban planning, and cultural interactions of Iran with its eastern neighbors. On the other hand, extensive and continuous field research that purposefully answers such questions has been limited and scattered. One of these researches is the purposeful activities that have been carried out in the middle part of the Kopet Dag -Aladagh corridor in the north of Khorasan in the last decade; and this has become the basis for the formation of other research by other researchers in this geographical area (albeit limited). "Tas Tape" is one of the sites in the northeast of Iran. Its location is in the middle part of the Kopet Dag -Aladagh corridor and the east of Quchan city. According to the results of two seasons of field research, this site is one of the important sites of the Parthian period that has been settled until the Sassanid period. Around Tas Tape, a large settlement site was identified during additional studies after archeological surveys in Quchan city. The existence of questions about the synchronicity of the settlement with the fort hill, how the two parts are related to each other, and the continuation of life until the Sassanid period led to the definition of a long-term research project to answer the questions and better understand this ancient monument. This article is based on the research conducted in the first season of this site, which includes reviewing the area of the site, geomagnetic surveys, and sounding for delimitation of the Tas Tape site. The results of this season include the identification of a site from the Parthian period with an area of 80 hectares, which consists of two parts: a) Fort mound b) Unenclosed settlement. According to preliminary results, the settlement probably was only in the Parthian period, but the fort hill was used until the Sassanid period. The Clinky pottery is the most significant cultural find on this site in terms of chronology and distribution of this type of pottery. The location of this site is also very remarkable because it is the link of the north of Kopet Dag sites, including Nisa, into the Iranian plateau.

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