Journal of Archaeological Studies

Cultural Interactions in Mazandaran during Bronze Age

Narjes Heydari; Rahmat Abbasnejad; Hassan Fazeli

Volume 10, Issue 1 , August 2018, , Pages 57-74

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2018.220765.142355

Abstract

The main goal of this paper is study of the internal and external cultural interactions of the Bronze Age sites in the Mazandaran plain and its mountainous areas on the basis of pottery ... Read More

An Investigation of the Ideological Foundations of the Divine Investiture in the Ancient Iranian Art

HamidReza Peighambari

Volume 11, Issue 2 , October 2019, , Pages 57-76

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.73099

Abstract

The symbolic scenes of the divine investiture of the Kings is one of the most widely used themes in the art of the Ancient East that reflect the interconnectedness of politics and religion ... Read More

The Study of Mining and Metallurgy in the Central Part of Bam County Based on Archaeological Surveys and Historical Sources

Nazanin Khojasteh behzadi; Farzad Mafi; Seyed mohammadamin Emami

Volume 15, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 57-73

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2023.358920.143203

Abstract

The Kerman region stands out as one of the most significant mining areas globally, owing to its extensive and abundant mineral resources. Bam County, situated in the southeastern part ... Read More The Kerman region stands out as one of the most significant mining areas globally, owing to its extensive and abundant mineral resources. Bam County, situated in the southeastern part of Kerman, has historically served as a crucial hub connecting the southeast of Iran with Sistan and Afghanistan, attributed to its distinctive geological and geomorphological characteristics. Enjoying considerable commercial and military importance since the Sassanid era, Bam County has garnered attention in archaeological research as a strategically vital region. The exploration of Bam's archaeological sites becomes imperative for historical governments, highlighting the need to investigate and comprehend ancient centers engaged in metal smelting and mining activities. Consequently, an archaeological survey of the central part of Bam County was initiated in 2018-2019 with the specific objective of identifying metal smelting workshops and ancient mines. This article presents the outcomes of a field survey conducted in the central part of Bam County, shedding light on evidence of metal smelting centers, furnaces, and historical mining activities. The primary research inquiries center around the chronology of mining evidence in the central part of Bam County, the types of metals extracted, and the processes involved in metal mining and metallurgy within this region. Employing field and documentary methods, the research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. The study identified and examined eight sites showcasing evidence of smelting and slag, one ancient mine, and two active mines. These sites have been associated with the extraction and processing of metals and elements such as tin, zinc, lead, silver, iron, and, to a lesser extent, gold. Notably, the substantial volume of zinc and zinc oxide processing in seven sites holds significance. Although cultural materials for chronological dating were absent in the investigated sites, historical sources indicate that the extraction and smelting of these metals in the region date back to at least the 3rd century AH (9th century AD) and persisted until the Qajar period

Hierarchical System and Spatial Distribution of Parthian Sites in the Sistan Plain

Zohre Jozi; Reza Mehr Afarin

Volume 5, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 59-77

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2014.50394

Abstract

In Iranian archaeology, Sistan played an important role especially in the Parthian period. This region is well known since it was cross road for Greeksto reach the East, a place for ... Read More

Critical Analysis of Theories on the Origin of Ayvan

Abbas Rezaei Nia; Hayedeh Laleh

Volume 6, Issue 2 , March 2015, , Pages 59-71

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.54173

Abstract

As the achievement and an invaluable index of the Iranian culture, Ayvan (known also as Eyvan) has been the subject of many pieces of research by architects, archaeologists and art ... Read More

Analysis Settlement Patterns of Prehistoric Sites of Mazandaran

Narjes Heydari; Rahmat Abbas Nezhad; Mojtaba Safari

Volume 12, Issue 4 , May 2021, , Pages 59-75

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2021.312939.142945

Abstract

Present paper review 350 sites from Middle Paleolithic, upper Paleolithic, Epipaleolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages, respectively, 4, 9, 6, 28, 36, 15 and 252 sites. ... Read More

Investigating and introducing signs of Achamenid Shekel coins, from the collection of Mazandaran Museum

Saman Soortiji; Kamaleddin Niknami; Hayedeh Khamseh

Volume 14, Issue 2 , September 2022, , Pages 59-85

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2022.340317.143099

Abstract

The present paper involves the investigation and identification of the insignia of 240 Achamenid shekels, from the collection of the Mazandaran Museum. Investigation of law enforcement ... Read More

The Technological Studies of the Fifth Millennium B.C. Pottery from North-Central Iran by Using X-Ray Defragmentation (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Laboratory Testing

Hassan Tala'i,; Ahmad Aliyari; Yasaman Taghi Zoghi

Volume 1, Issue 1 , January 2009, , Pages 65-84

Abstract

Scientific advances in the laboratory testing have provided the most effective means for archaeologists to examine their artifactual data in a science-based framework. In this research ... Read More

Assessment of Lime-Based Mortars to Conservation of Architectural Remains from Archaeological Excavations

Mehdi Razani; Nasrin Dadashzadeh

Volume 12, Issue 3 , December 2020, , Pages 65-91

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.271630.142655

Abstract

Next to the archaeological excavations, conservation and restoration of remains of monuments in the fields have received the attention of scientific archaeological excavations. Exposure ... Read More Next to the archaeological excavations, conservation and restoration of remains of monuments in the fields have received the attention of scientific archaeological excavations. Exposure of new finding materials to the microclimate conditions of earth surface causes to encourage their degradation process. Humidity and cryogenic fluctuations are the most important destructive factors for the architecture remains. Since a number of sites in the north and northwest of Iran encounter precipitation humidity and consequently the destruction of architecture remains, it appears that isolating outer remains of these structures using the compatible mortar is one of the best methods to reduce their damage. Lime mortar is appropriate for this purpose owing to its acceptable characteristics against the humidity. In this research, cow dung ash, rice husk ash and wood (with specific gradation) were used to optimize the lime mortar. The mix of these materials with lime paste prepared 6 different types of lime-pozzolan mortar. To determine the appropriate sample in terms of durability and consolidation against the natural cycles, accelerated aging tests including wetting and drying cycles, freezing & thawing and salt attack cycles as well as physical characteristics (densitometry, water absorption, and durability) for all types. The results of above processes indicated that the compositions of cow dung ash pozzolan’s have better resistance to the aging cycles and other physical experiments. Using XRD and XRF analyses, the structure and the amount of mineral phases were determined. Based on the results, it is recommended that lime mortar (optimized with cow dung ash) be used in the historic monuments and the humid climates of the north and northwest of Iran. Conservation of the historical works while archeological excavations and the conservation, restoration, and maintenance of the obtained remnants in the excavation area, including tombs, architectural remnants, foundations, and even some of the ornaments after excavation are among the moral and professional principles of the scientific archeology.(Sease,1996) The necessity of the conservation of the archeological remnants in the recent century has been one of the most significant parts included in the macro planning of the archaeological approaches and cultural heritage-related knowledge. Among the measures taken for the conservation of the architectural clay and adobe remains after archaeological excavations are: 1) temporary conservation of the hills within the excavation times; 2) re-burial by re-filling the excavation area; 3) bricklaying and covering the walls and the remnants works in the area; 4) implementing roofs and shelters in the area for the temporary or permanent conservation; 5) using chemical and biological substances to strengthen the walls; 6) the use of geotextiles (permeable polymer textiles), and 7) coating the surface in the cold or humid regions.(Baghbanan et al, 2016; Rahmani,2006, Stanley Price,1999; Jandro et al 1999) Also, the northwest of Iran is among the rich regions of Iran in terms of archeology and tourism attractions, with an area of 7.2% out of the country's total area.(Negahban,1998) The northwest part of Iran is among the mountainous regions with a cold and dry climate in terms of climate conditions, causing the ancient sites to be severely damaged after archeological excavations. Therefore, it is necessary to prioritize compatible solutions in conservation measures. One of these measures is the use of protective mortars. The construction technology and mix design of this kind of mortars must be recognized to achieve the most efficient and stable formula; because it leads to the principled conservation in maintaining the obtained remnants in the ancient sites and saving the conservation costs in the future, in addition to achieving a mixture and processing methods and making the optimal mortar. (table 1) How to use compatible mortars to protect architectural remains from archaeological excavations in the northwestern climate of Iran.What variable depends on the quality of compatible lime-based mortar with natural fillers? The protection of ancient sites after exploration in the northwestern climate can be done with compatible and eco-friendly calcareous mortar. The quality of lime-based mortar compatible with natural fillers depends on the high silica content of the filler. Mortar Manufacturing: Lime was kept constant at 30%, and wood ash, rice husk, and animal waste were used as a pozzolan to mix the mortar filler to optimize the lime-based mortar. Six lime-based mortar mixtures with different amounts of rice husk ash (20, 35%), wood ash, and animal waste (10 and 35%) were used. 16 cubes were prepared from each mortar sample. Mortar samples were tested and analyzed to complete the setting reactions after 27 days from manufacture time. (Table 2). aboratory Studies: Laboratory studies include the determining examinations of the physical features of the samples (humidity percentage and water absorption, density, and porosity), (table.3) geological structure by determining the elements using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis method, fuzzy determination using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, and assessment of endurance properties based on the national and international standards(Table 7-8, Figures 10-11). The consecutive wetting and drying cycle, Freeze-Thaw cycle, the endurance against salt hydration cycle, mortar samples durability test.(Figure 1-3- 6-8 and Table.4-6). After archeological excavations, the key issue of historical sites is increasing the humidity percentage and cold and heat fluctuations. As stated in the research literature, there are various solutions to reduce and manage humidity and cold fluctuations. In this study, using a durable and optimized mortar system ware studied to reduce the destructive effect of the above factors, especially in the northwestern region of the country. Accordingly, native and natural pozzolans were used to optimize the lime-based mortar. The applied pozzolans in this study include rice husk ashes, cow dung ash, and wood ash. According to the conducted studies, six different groups of mortar with different ratios were manufactured from the combination of three pozzolans along with sand and lime paste. Then, after 27 days to complete the mortar reaction, the proper samples were prepared for laboratory tests. These tests include accelerating aging methods (drying and wetting cycles, freeze-thaw cycle, and salt cycle) and the physical features (densitometry, porosimetry, water absorption, and durability (durability test)) implemented for all samples. The results of the examinations showed that the mortar with compounds and mix percentage (30% lime paste + 35% sand + 35% animal waste ash) has good resistance to aging, freezing and thawing cycles, and salt cycle. The selected sample showed satisfactory results after three durability cycles and was placed in a durable mortar class. Given the important role of grading in the durability and quality of the mortar, the results obtained from the grading diagram show that the pozzolan of the cow dung ash enjoys a proper grading than other pozzolans. According to the results of the above research, it is proposed that the pozzolan-lime mortars with the formula of 30% lime paste+ 35% sand+ 35% cow dung ash are used to overcome the descending humidity and environmental corrosion in the architectural remnants of the excavated historical sites in the cold climates, such as the ancient sites of the northwest of the country to evaluate the results in practice as well. The results indicate this mix's efficiency in the humid regions and salty regions near the wetting and drying cycles and freezing. Mortar reversibility is another considerable point in using the coating mortars. Although reversibility is not entirely possible concerning some protective measures and materials, such as reinforcement and coating with polymeric materials in porous materials, the remarkable thing about applying mortars to protect the architectural remains from its archaeological excavations is that these mortars are suitable for reversibility. Their coating property depends on the depth of penetration of the mortar adhesive in the substrate and because this penetration is not very high (maximum 1 cm of slurry). Mortars use the substrate as a support in the coating state, and the principal setting occurs in the mortar and its components. Therefore, their function will be as a sacrificed layer in conservation. Based on the conditions of the studied mortars, in the case of proper monitoring and solving the critical causes of the destruction of the selected mortar, it seems that they will be efficient for at least five years. Finally, after the destruction process, their surface can be reconstructed, or the coating mortar can be implemented again.

A Review on the Early Iron Age in Central Zagros

Amir Saedmucheshi

Volume 13, Issue 1 , July 2021, , Pages 65-90

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.300093.142861

Abstract

In this article, by analyzing the research activities conducted in the Central Zagros region in the Iron Age, the shortcomings, contradictions, questions and theories have been expressed, ... Read More In this article, by analyzing the research activities conducted in the Central Zagros region in the Iron Age, the shortcomings, contradictions, questions and theories have been expressed, and in addition to presenting the general framework of previous researches, they have been criticized and analyzed. For this purpose, past and current published activities as well as some unpublished reports have been considered. This can be useful in identifying future research priorities. The transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in the Central Zagros is largely unknown, and in archaeological excavations in this area, due to lack of accurate stratigraphic excavations, terms such as Iron Age I, II and III cannot be used for its different areas. Therefore, in this article, the general term of the Early Iron Age for Iron Age I and II is used.The Central Zagros region has long been interesting to archaeologists. The French geologist Jacques de Morgan visited the Luristan region in the 19th century and identified many sites. Ernst Herzfeld in the early years of the twentieth century surveyed many areas of the Zagros region and identified Tepe Giyan in the county of Nehavand. This site was later excavated by G. Contenau and R. Ghirshman. Stein conducted archaeological research in Luristan and excavated several Iron Age tombs in Hulailan and Badawar. Almost at the same time as Stein, the Holmes expedition was one of the teams that conducted archaeological studies in the Luristan region under Schmidt’s direction. In 1934 and 1935, he conducted archaeological surveys and excavations in Luristan, and in 1938, he excavated Surkh Dum for three weeks; this site is highly important for reasons such as being a settlement land and having hundreds of different objects. Sites such as Kamtarlan, Chigha Sabz and Surkh Dum were excavated during performing this research. A review of the research background conducted in the Central Zagros region indicates that the excavations were scattered and non-purposeful and at first, more attention was paid to objects. In the early studies of the Iron Age, there was no definite plan, and most of the information obtained was based on individual, and in some cases, incidental research. The lack of necessary standards in excavations has made the problem more complex. Some of the excavations were not fully published or were later conducted by others. These problems are observed in some sites such as Tang-i Hamamlan, Surkh Dum, Cheshmeh Mahi, Tepe Giyan, Khatun Ban, Jameh Shuran, Tepe Guran, Chigha Sabz, and Kamtarlan. The Iron Age in the Central Zagros is often based on studies conducted in the 1970s and 1980s. These researches started with scattered studies, and projects related to Luristan bronzes were revived. Attempts to identify bronze makers as well as their stylistics, and their geographical origin were among the reasons for focusing on Iron Age activities in the Central Zagros. Previous scattered studies were mostly based on the stylistics of objects. In the following decades, Luristan bronzes were strongly considered, and the research teams of the Danish in Hulailan, the British team in Delfan (Dilfan), and the Belgian delegation in Pusht-i Kuh (Ilam Province) conducted extensive studies in this field. In the 1970s and 1980s, during the Godin project, valuable surveys and excavations were conducted, based on which a purposeful approach on chronology, settlement patterns, comparison to the Bronze Age, and connections of the Central Zagros to other regions were considered. Nevertheless, problems, such as separation of Iron Age I and II phases from each other, involvement of theories in the north of the Central Plateau in the Central Zagros region, and uncertainty of the period of some pottery traditions like Elamite/Kassite goblets are among its shortcomings. It should also be noted that this study did not cover all parts of the Central Zagros. Clare Goff's research in the 1970s considerably contributed to the understanding of the Iron Age in the Luristan region. The excavations of Louis Vanden Berghe in Pusht-i Kuh led to excavation of 11 Early Iron Age cemeteries, which have been thoroughly investigated in the chronology of objects obtained from this area. The Danish excavation in Tepe Guran had a good sequence, but the speed of the excavation and the lack of phasing have somewhat reduced the quality of the work.The timing of the use of iron metal, either as a decoration or as a public tool in the Central Zagros, has not been precisely determined. Among the findings of Iron Age I, currently there is no conclusive evidence, and the beginning of this phase is based more on pottery changes. In the studies of this area, the emergence of gray Gray Ware as well as Kassite/Elamite pottery and the end of Godin III pottery tradition is regarded as the beginning of the Iron Age. Lack of gray pottery in all areas of the Central Zagros as an indicator, contradiction at the beginning of the Iron Age, existence of different traditions such as the difference between Pish-i Kuh and Pusht-i Kuh, and lack of separation of pottery from settlement sites with cemeteries are among the challenges of this phase. This complexity is intensified in Iron Age II, so that it is not presently possible to distinguish between this phase and the previous phase. Although pottery has been introduced as Iron Age II, firstly, these samples exhibit regional differences and secondly, their start, end or phasing time is unknown. Among the types of gray pottery, no distinction can be made between Iron Age I and II pottery. Based on surveys and excavations of cemeteries in this period, we encounter a decrease in settlement or a change in settlements, and our evidence from this period is more incomplete than that of the previous period. In general, , lack of a chronological framework for its various regions, scattered surveys, lack of standards in excavations, or long delays in the publication of reports, are among the problems in the Central Zagros region. Additionally, inadequate recording, different interpretations, lack of separation of the different phases of the Iron Age, imposing theories on data, paying attention to objects and neglecting details like architecture, and not paying sufficient attention to the findings of northern Mesopotamia are other problems. Furthermore, uncertainty of the beginning of the Iron Age in different parts of the Central Zagros, lack of detailed study of economic, technological and political changes from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, uncertainty of the impact of atmospheric factors on sites, ambiguity of the Central Zagros association with the Ilam civilization and lack of accurate excavation in areas covering all phases of this period are among the other problems. Moreover, insufficient knowledge of Luristan bronzes and unknown details such as manufacturers, production centers, accurate stylistics, and time of their production are other shortcomings of the Iron Age of the Central Zagros region. To start research activities in the Central Zagros region, considering these shortcomings, we need purposeful, long-term, question-based projects using interdisciplinary studies.

Archaeological Analysis of Early Bronze Age Distributions in Northwest of Iran

Ahmad Chāychi Amirkhiz

Volume 3, Issue 1 , July 2011, , Pages 66-80

Abstract

Early Bronze Age (EBA) in the Middle East is considered to be the dawn of civilization, spread of writing, and proto-urbanism; and Mesopotamia was the center of these historical events. ... Read More

Rereading the Stucco Paintings of Hall in Bandian Fire Temple and a Response to Recent Criticisms

Mahdi Rahbar

Volume 14, Issue 3 , October 2022, , Pages 69-92

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2021.331938.143058

Abstract

During the last half of the 4th century CE, we recognize the presence of a desert-dwelling tribe called the Huns or the Hephthalites, who invaded the northeastern borders of Iran, killing ... Read More During the last half of the 4th century CE, we recognize the presence of a desert-dwelling tribe called the Huns or the Hephthalites, who invaded the northeastern borders of Iran, killing and looting. These people, who had flowed from western China to Central Asia, invaded northern Khorasan from time to time. The presence of such a great enemy forced several Sassanid kings to sally to the east to defend this important border, among them was Yazdgerd I, whose campaign to repel these invaders lasted seven years. The Dastgerd of Yazd Shaporan and the Bandian fire temple have been mentioned as Yazdgerd’s place of residence. Like Yazdgerd, Bahram V was also aware of the potential danger of nomads from the north and his presence on the front caused a heavy defeat for the Hephthalites. This is memorialized in the Bandian Dargaz, one of the fire temples of the Sassanid period. In the hall of this fire temple, the events of the war between Bahram V and the Hephthalite king are painted on stucco. In these stuccos, various scenes of Bahram V's departure from Ctesiphon to fight with the king of the Hephthalites has been shown in the form of successive motifs. The mentioned stuccos have been researched based on historical texts. In addition to the plaster motifs, the Sasanian Pahlavi inscriptions inscribed on the wall of the altar of the fire temple also provide additional context for some of these motifs. This fire temple, which was built during the time of Yazdgerd I, was developed further during the time of Bahram V, especially concerning the elaboration of stucco motifs. This fire temple was destroyed by the Hephthalites during the time of the Sasanian king Pirouz. Therefore, only a part of the lower part of the stucco remains. The present author's comments about some of the characters in this stucco have been criticized. We believe that this criticism, while welcome, has not been careful in matching motifs with some historical events.

Studying the Effect of Natural Factors on Spatial Distribution of Sassanid Sites of Darreh Shahr City

Akbar Sharifinia; Yaghoub Mohammadifar; Esmail Hemati Azandaryani

Volume 13, Issue 3 , September 2021, , Pages 69-92

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.295031.142826

Abstract

Today, the approach of new archeology studies is applying different sciences, especially use of geographic information system (GIS) and sciences such as statistics, and different methods ... Read More Today, the approach of new archeology studies is applying different sciences, especially use of geographic information system (GIS) and sciences such as statistics, and different methods and models of these sciences. By using other scientific methods and tools, the orientation of spaces archeology has largely achieved a correct understanding of issues such as establishment pattern of ancient civilizations and the interactions between humans and environment. Darreh Shahr city in Ilam province is one of the areas where, apart from some scattered references in the content of geographical texts, no purposeful study has been done regarding the presence of Sassanids there. Therefore, in order to fill this historical gap, after conducting archeological studies with the aim of discovering the cultural evidence of the Sassanid presence in this city, 117 monuments were identified. Some researchers believe that the ruins of Seymareh in the south and southwest of the present city of Darreh Shahr during the Sassanid period, and at the center of Mehrjan-e-Ghazq furnace was part of the western part or Khorbaran coast.In this study, for the first time and with respect to environmental elevation, slope, land use, and distance from roads and rivers, the settlement pattern and spatial distribution of Sassanid landscapes of Darreh Shahr are analyzed using descriptive-analytical method and field-library studies. To achieve goals such as locating ancient sites, analysis of settlement patterns and finally, investigating the impact of environmental factors on the formation process and distribution of Sassanid areas, tools such as Geographic Information System (GIS), SPSS software, statistical models such as mean of nearest neighbor, linear regression, correlation coefficient and PCA method were used. The results show that the most important factor affecting the spatial distribution of Sassanid sites in Darreh Shahr is first, the distance from rivers and then, the factors such as altitude and slope of the area. In addition, based on the average nearest neighbor model, the pattern of settlement in the Sassanid areas of this region is almost identical and clustered.

An Attitude to the Common Cultural Developments of the Late Neolithic Period of Malayer Plain: Excavation at Tappeh Posht-e Forodgah

Khalil Ollah Beik Mohammadi; Ardeshir Javanmardzadeh; reza rezaloo; Behrooz Afkhami

Volume 13, Issue 2 , September 2021, , Pages 71-94

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2021.258800.142575

Abstract

The eastern side of Central Zagros is one of the most important areas in the Neolithic development, which has remained unknown in terms of its common cultural tradition as requires ... Read More

Islamic pottery of ancient city of Jiroft

Hamideh Choubak

Volume 4, Issue 1 , July 2012, , Pages 83-112

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2012.35377

Abstract

The limit and definition of the cultural zone of Jazmurian in the southeastern Iran is identical with the geographical boundarise of Jazmurian basin and in geographical setting. The ... Read More

A Study of the Architectural Remains of the Sasanian Site of Tol-e Qaleh Seyfabad -Kazerun: A Suggestion about the Function

Yaghoub Mohammadifar; reza Nourozai

Volume 14, Issue 1 , June 2022, , Pages 83-105

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2022.336364.143078

Abstract

The archaeological site of Tol-e Qaleh Seyfabad, with an area of approximately 160 hectares, is one of the important sites of the Sasanian period, which was formed about 500m west of ... Read More The archaeological site of Tol-e Qaleh Seyfabad, with an area of approximately 160 hectares, is one of the important sites of the Sasanian period, which was formed about 500m west of Parishan Lake, in the southwest of Kazerun city, on the natural hill so-called Tol-e Pahan. Due to the building of the Kazerun-Shiraz gas pipeline between 1984 and 1986, the middle part of this site was severely destroyed. Archaeological excavation, as well as ground surveys, show that the exposed building/fort in Tol-e Qaleh Seyfabad has a quadrangular structure, each side of which is probably between 75 and 80 m long, and there were probably four towers in its four corners. The low thickness of the external wall, the type, and quality of construction materials used in it, as well as the dimensions of the interior spaces/units, may indicate that the building was not very high. The spaces adjacent to the northwestern principal wall are generally small and are used for storing and processing agricultural products.In the four corners of the Nakhlak fort located in the intermediate region of Naein and Anarak, the towers are similar to Tol-e Qaleh Seyfabad’s tower, although it has a different plan. In addition, other defensive buildings such as Fulayj fort in Oman, Gorgan Wall fortifications, and Abu Sharifa fort in Mesopotamia are among the defensive structures that are similar to the Tol-e Qaleh Seyfabad building in terms of plans and towers. Archaeological excavation, as well as ground surveys, show that the exposed building/fort in Tol-e Qaleh Seyfabad has a quadrangular structure, each side of which is probably between 75 and 80 m long, and there were probably four towers in its four corners. The low thickness of the external wall, the type, and quality of construction materials used in it, as well as the dimensions of the interior spaces/units, may indicate that the building was not very high. The spaces adjacent to the northwestern principal wall are generally small and are used for storing and processing agricultural products.

A Geoarchaeological Approach to Identify Provenance of the Stones Used in the Construction of Sassanid Buildings in Bishapu City

Volume 9, Issue 2 , April 2018, , Pages 57-72

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2018.202556.142271

Abstract

The Sassanid kings, named after the Sassan, great of Pars and the priest of the Anahita Temple in the Estakhr ruled in Iran from the third to the seventh century AD. The most important ... Read More

Vigol and Harāskān, Two Cities; A Study Based on Archaeological Data in Transformation from Sassanid Era to the Islamic Period Relying Upon Archeological Data

Hassan Karimiyān; Mohsen Jāveri

Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 2010, , Pages 63-83

Abstract

The vast ancient area of Vigol located in the northern part of the city of ?r?n-o-Bidgol was identified by the authors of the present article in Autumn 2006 and underwent a systematic ... Read More

Parthian Presence in the Southern Regions of the Persian Gulf Alireza Khosro Zadeh

Alireza Khosro Zadeh

Volume 4, Issue 2 , February 2013, , Pages 63-81

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2013.32120

Abstract

Despite the lack of a clear understanding of the relationships of eastern and southeastern Arabia with different Iranian regions during pre-Sassanian era and the paucity of written ... Read More

Investigating a Royal Hunting Stucco Plaque from Chal Tarkhan- Eshgh Abad

Mohammad Eghbal Chehri; Mehrnaz Behroozi; Seyyed Rasool Mousavi Haji

Volume 7, Issue 1 , March 2015, , Pages 65-84

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.56672

Abstract

One of the most important sits of Sasanian period in Iran from which the Royal Hunting Plaques were recovered has been Chal Tarkhan of Eshgh Abad. There was a Sasanian palace containing ... Read More

Village Life and the Cultural Transformations of the Eastern Central Zagros Societies: Archaeological Excavation at Tappeh Qela-Gap

Mostafa Abdollahi; Kamal-Aldin Niknami; Morteza Hesari; Alireza Sardari Zarchi

Volume 6, Issue 1 , September 2014, , Pages 67-86

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2014.52676

Abstract

The higher mountainous region of the Central Zagros is regarded as one of the important regions for the early human settlements. Although archaeological studies have been initiated ... Read More

A Comparative Study on the Image of “Buraq” in the Islamic Art with some Motifs of the Luristan Bronze

maryam khosravi; alireza taheri

Volume 10, Issue 2 , January 2019, , Pages 67-81

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2018.226529.142389

Abstract

In the Islamic tradition it has been described that Prophet has gone to Ascension by a fantastic creature called "Buraq". Many Pictures and descriptions of “Boraq” remained ... Read More

Location, Form and Spatial Organization of Kelaar City in the Early Islamic Centuries

Hassan Karimiyan; Sara Saghaee

Volume 5, Issue 1 , December 2013, , Pages 69-88

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2013.35944

Abstract

Historical sources of early Islamic centuries have been introduced “Kelaar” as an flourishing city in the mountainous area between Tabarestan and Deilam which nowadays ... Read More

The Mystery of the Central Stone Slab in the Tripylon Gate of Persepolis

Shahrokh Razmjou

Volume 7, Issue 2 , December 2016, , Pages 69-83

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.57748

Abstract

It has been proposed that some structures at Persepolis served as calendarical or astronomical mechanisms. Despite a general lack of evidence of such functionality at the site, a stone ... Read More

From Mount Silhazu to Mount Bikni: Historical Geography of Media in the Neo-Assyrian Period

Sa&#039;di Saeedyan; Bahman Firoozmandi

Volume 8, Issue 2 , March 2017, , Pages 71-89

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2017.61728

Abstract

The problem of historical geography and extent of Median territory in Neo-Assyrian period, from 9th to 7th centuries B.C. has always made dissensions. Given the extent of Median territory ... Read More

Volume 16 (2024)

Volume 15 (2023)

Volume 14 (2022)

Volume 13 (2021)

Volume 12 (2020)

Volume 11 (2019)

Volume 10 (2018)

Volume 9 (2017)

Volume 8 (2016)

Volume 7 (2015)

Volume 6 (2014)

Volume 5 (2013)

Volume 4 (2012)

Volume 3 (2011)

Volume 1 (2009)

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