Journal of Archaeological Studies

New Light on the Unknown Minting Centre 65

Zahra Alinezhad; Mostafa Dehpahlavan; Arthur Houghton; mohammad lamehi

Volume 11, Issue 1 , May 2019, , Pages 185-200

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.71112

Abstract

In a new research on the Seleucid coins of Avicenna’s (Bu Ali Sina) Museum of Hamedan, eight new Tetradrachms from uncertain mint 65 have been identified. These coins issued under ... Read More

The Historical Approach to the Relative Chronology of Caravansarai of Alaki, Near Marand

Ali Nemati-Babaylou; Mahsa Saidi -Mehrabad

Volume 15, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 185-201

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2022.344774.143137

Abstract

Due to the importance of Tabriz in various historical periods after the Mongol’s invasion to the end of the Qajar period, as continuously being the capital city or the residence ... Read More Due to the importance of Tabriz in various historical periods after the Mongol’s invasion to the end of the Qajar period, as continuously being the capital city or the residence city of the prince, entrance to this city has been reflected in various reports. Most of the foreigners who entered Iran from European countries came from Caucasus Road to Tabriz and reported many buildings on their way. Moreover, this road was one of the most significant roadways for Caravans on the Silk Road, where various residential buildings have been constructed. Alaki caravansarai is one of the most important roadside accommodations in Northwest Iran, and so many reports about it and the quality of its façade decorations can be traced in the travelogues of foreigners who traveled to Iran. Its vastitude and elegant entrance gate nevertheless, this building has unfortunately been neglected and was about to be ruined in the 19th century and afterward. However, the beauty of its entrance gate has gained the attention of many people and has been reported in many sources. Based on the ornaments used, recent sources in the history of architecture have estimated its date to the 12th century and Ilkhanid Abū Saʿīd Bahādor Khan and the Timurid period. These sources based their estimation only on the type of ornaments used on its entrance gate and its probable that the existence of dated artworks of the Ilkhanid period nearby, such as the Mihrab of Marand’s Jame Mosque, has influenced this speculation. This article aims to meticulously study this building in various travelogues, al-Wqafīyya al-Rashīdīyya, and other sources in the history of architecture and discusses the ornament types used and their history. The detailed study of the documents and sources indicated that this building could belong to the presidency period of Ḵᵛāja Rašid-al-Din Fażl-Allāh, and based on his emphasis to establish this building, can be dated 1297-1309. The ornaments, moreover, indicate the transient period from brickwork to tilework which happened in the late 13th and early 14th centuries

Archaeological Survey of Qaleh Iraj, Dating and Function

Seyed Mehdi Mousavinia; Mohammadreza Nemati

Volume 8, Issue 2 , March 2017, , Pages 189-208

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2017.61778

Abstract

Among the Historical Monuments which have been identified in Tehran plain, Qaleh Iraj (known also as Qaleh Gabri) is the biggest in extent by 1470 m. length, 1300 m. Width covering ... Read More

Multiple Identification Alternatives for Two Sassanid Equestrians on Fīrūzābād I Relief: A Heraldic Approach

Rezā Kalāni

Volume 9, Issue 1 , August 2017, , Pages 189-209

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2017.64012

Abstract

Unlike the king himself, the identity of other figures carved out of Sassanid reliefs has mostly been controversial. This study attempts to resolve one of such controversial discussions ... Read More

Analyzing Tepe Ismailabad Pottery Motifs and Forms

Ahmad Aliyari; Hassan talaee

Volume 10, Issue 1 , August 2018, , Pages 189-205

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2018.251187.142534

Abstract

Considering Tepe Ismailabad and Cheshmeali sequences, identifying the architectural levels as well as the length of continuation of this culture in the mound, provides the most accurate ... Read More

The Study of Alloy and Manufacturing Techniques of Bangles of Eurasian Nomadic Tribes: Case Study, Bangles Discovered from Jafarabad’s Kurgan No 8

Atefeh Yadollahi; Hamidreza Bakhshandeh Fard; Farshid Iravani Ghadim

Volume 8, Issue 1 , April 2016, , Pages 191-204

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2016.59502

Abstract

“Kurgans”, which have recently been explored during an archeological excavation in Iran, contain graves where Eurasian used to bury the corps of their dead people. The Kurgans ... Read More

Analyzing Archaeological Finds from the Chehrabad Salt Mine

Abolfazl Aali; Thomas Stollner; Bahman Firuzmandi

Volume 11, Issue 2 , October 2019, , Pages 191-210

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.73118

Abstract

The Chehrabad salt mine is one of the rare ancient salt mine in the world and the only identified salt mine in Iran which has evidences of salt extracting over a long time span from ... Read More

Why Kerman Province cannot be the Location of Šimaški?

Kamal Aldin Niknami; Babak Rafi’i Alavi

Volume 1, Issue 1 , January 2009, , Pages 199-215

Abstract

?ima?ki is one of the important Toponyms in old Elamite Period. Until now, there has been no agreement among archaeologists on the location of this Toponym. This article wants to show ... Read More

Investigating of the Function of the Architectural Square Space of Tang-i-Chakchak Complex, Fars Province: A New Look Toward Sanctuaries of Arədvī Sūrā Anāhitā during Sassanid Period1

Seyed Mehdi Mousavi Kouhpar; Alireza Zabanavar; ُSolmaz Ahmadzadeh Khosrowshahi

Volume 12, Issue 4 , May 2021, , Pages 211-231

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2021.317834.142977

Abstract

Tang-i-Chakchak complex is located at eastern Fars Province. As one of the biggest religious Sassanid architectural complex, it consists of two main architectural spaces including a ... Read More

Characterization of the Marble Stone Bowles of Jiroft Plain and Compare with Marble Stones Scattered in the Distributaries of Halil and Shour Rivers in Southeast Iran

Mehdi razani; Ramin Mohamadi sefidkhani; Bahram Ajorlo; ahmad jahangiri

Volume 13, Issue 2 , September 2021, , Pages 225-243

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.275663.142676

Abstract

Archaeologically, Southeastern Iran has been hypothesized as one of the most important centers for the production and export of marble artifacts during the Bronze Age Near East. The ... Read More Archaeologically, Southeastern Iran has been hypothesized as one of the most important centers for the production and export of marble artifacts during the Bronze Age Near East. The characterization of the marbles from this region is necessary for identifying and rethinking the source of craft products and trade in the prehistoric societies of the cultural areas of Sindh and Mesopotamia, On the other hand, accurate knowledge of the type of stone with the recorded scientific words to introduce them is an important step in investigating the relationship between marble artifacts and geological tectonics and also the origin, in order to study morphology and preparation process of raw material and production of marble containers in Jiroft Plain, field and morphological studies using petrography, XRPD and SEM-EDX methods have been conducted to study samples of South Konar Sandal Hill and confiscated works. The question of this article is about the structure of raw materials for the production of marble artifacts in Jiroft Plain and its relation with the tectonic domain of the field. In this regard, seven ancient samples, two samples of Galoumaran Marble Mine and Qom Limestone Formation, and twelve samples of scattered rough rocks along the Halil River and Shur River near the mentioned ancient hills have been studied. After examining the results of petrography and the similarity of ancient samples, studied examples obtained from the cultural layers of South Konar Sandal Hill for further study using the XRPD analysis and the confiscated samples - regarding the different characteristics of the other ancient samples in this paper - were selected for further study using the SEM-EDX analysis. The result of this research is the classification of marble species being commonly referred to archaeological studies and the introduction of the aragonite structure of marble containers in the southeast of Iran - extracted from sedimentary formations of springs. Moreover, due to the agreement between the results of this research and the geological map of Jiroft Plain and the presence of homogeneous rocks that can be generalized to ancient samples, localization of the preparation process of raw material is suggested.

Cultural Interactions of Prehistoric Societies of Central Iranian plateau with Residents of Central Zagros, Fars and Southwestern of Iran during the Fifth Millennium BC

Parisa Nekouei; Rouhollah Yousefi Zoshk

Volume 13, Issue 1 , July 2021, , Pages 235-258

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.289501.142829

Abstract

The Iranian plateau is considered as one of the main founding columns of cultural transformation during the sixth, fifth and fourth millennia BC. Archaeological evidances such as the ... Read More The Iranian plateau is considered as one of the main founding columns of cultural transformation during the sixth, fifth and fourth millennia BC. Archaeological evidances such as the pottery tradition is almost the best example of cultural interactions of this region with the other communities of northwest, central Zagros, Fars and southwestern Iran during in the last quarter of fifth millennium BC. This article focuses on analyzing the intra- and inter-regional relations of Second half of the fifth millennium BC in this Cultural zones according to pottery assemblages. In order to understand the level of social and cultural complexity in the different parts of Iran, the authors have explored how these pottery traditions came into discussed in in the plain of Varamin and Qom to the east, Kurdistan and Zanjan provinces and the eastern plains of central Zagros to the west(Figure.1). From 5500 BC onward, the central Iranian plateau is considered the trade road during the first half of fifth millennium BC links the central Zagros with the sources, but tangable cultural contact with more population movement appeared during the last quarter of fifth millennium BC in Godin VII period. Given the existing archaeological data, Qazvin plain always played a crossroad of cultures and could therefore be regarded as part of the broader framework of cultural and social interaction and relationship. In the late fifth millennium BC, archaeological evidences such as “Plum Ware” indicators of such cultural and economic interaction. "Plum Ware” assemblages have been obtained in an area extending from Varamin plain in the east of central Iranian plateau to Tepe Ghabristan, Tepe Shizar, Tepe Ismail Abad in Qazvin plain, Tepe Ozbaki and Tepe Gazarsang in the west, and Tepe Soha chai, Tepe Karvansara, Tepe Qeshlaq, Tal 11 Talvar, and Tepe Kalnan in the northwestern part of the Central Iranian Plateau, which indicates a relatively widespread distribution of this type of pottery. (Figure.2.3).In the Qomroud region, both Bakun potteries of the Fars province were found with the typical Sialk II and III1-3 (Transitional and Early Chalcolithic period) ceramics this obviously reveals true connection between the society of Fars and central plateau during the fifth millennium BC. The fine painted black on buff pottery vessels of Tepe Qomrud are unknown in terms of shape and role in the central plateau of Iran and are apparently similar to those in southwestern and southern Iran and especially in Susiana plain (Alizadeh, 2008) and Bakun, Rahmatabad and Tal-Gap sites (Azizi et al, 2012) whose origins most probably go back to those areas. These pottery vessels generally have a geometrical shape with broad strips, ladder designs and successive triangles, often filled with Dot Motif designs (Figure.4). Also, evidence of ancient copper works at Tepe Zagheh represent smelting process during the first half of fifth millennium BC at site and for the Early Chalcolithic/Sialk III1-3 period evidence of larger scale of copper production such as slags, crucible in areas such as Tepe Ozbaki, Tepe Cheshmeh Ali and copper workshop in Tepe Ghabristan indicates how small workshop centers changed into the industrial section in the later period (Matthews & Fazeli Nashli, 2004). This, together with findings related to metalwork in Tepe Qeshlaq, Tepe Kalnan, Tepe Karvansara, and Tepe Soha Chai cycle of highland producer and consumers during the fifth millennium BC. Current evidence, particularly the proximity and accessibility of copper resources in Qazvin plain and the high areas of the western margins of the Central Iranian Plateau and the presence of casting tools, objects and molds in most “Plum Ware”-bearing settlements such as Tepe Ghabristan, Maral Tepe Ozbaki, Tepe Godin, Tepe Qeshlaq and Tepe Karvansara, which undeniably help confirm the copper production process in these areas and plum / Godin VII people's specialization in metalwork, reinforces the hypothesis that a group of desentary or pastoral communities scattered along the central plateau to the northern and central regions of Zagros had interactions in the late fifth millennium BC and were specialized in the production and processing of copper objects. Some excavated sites such as Tepe Karvansara and Seh Gabi in the central Zagros represent direct evidence of copper production within the domestic spaces. Therefore, exchange of commodities and trade of copper is a good example, led to cultural integration between the fifth millennium BC communities of central Zagros and central plateau. Moreover, Tepe Qomrud was a key area for trade of copper in the fifth millennium BC and, like other chalcolithic sites in the central Iranian plateau such as Tepe Cheshmeh Ali, Tepe Ghabristan, Tepe Shizar, and Ismail Abad has been obtained important evidence of metalwork processes from archaeological excavations of Tepe Qomrud (Kaboli, 2015) which are clear indications of copper related activities in this area. In recent paper published by Vidale (Vidale et al 2018) technological centralization/standardization and specialization of ceramic and copper production was seen as the main characteristics of central plateau commonalities during the fifth millennium BC., With caution of cultural/historical approaches it seems“Plume Ware” is parts of techno/cultural innovations of late fifth millennium BC in central Zagros and diffused to the north central plateau of Iran. More or less, we know that such ceramic tradition is visible in some north central plateau settlements c.4200 BC while based on the current data this tradition was started in Godin VII period more or less around at the same time sphere. We observe that if the origins of “Plume Ware” back to central Zagros, then by the movement of population this tradition made progress within many settlements in central plateau in less than few generations. This study reveals that the similarity “Plum Ware” with Dalma and Godin VII tradition and also similarity “painted buff pottery of Qomrud with Fars and southwest sites, reinforcing the theory of the existence of cultural interactions between these regions. We assume that although cultures in the Iranian plateau have shared mechanisms of social complexities but, each region has to be examined its own cultural biomass. The need for strategic commodities such as copper and status goods during the fifth millennium BC led to cultural communication and interactions among the mentioned societies. This paper attempts to provide a new insight into the extent of cultural interactions in the Iranian plateau during the fifth millennium.

Review and analysis of the banquet scene in the Elymais reliefs with the introduction of newly found relief of Sang-e Mahi Andyka – Masjedsoleyman

Yaghoub Mohammadifar; Afrasiab Garavand; Abass Motarjem

Volume 4, Issue 1 , July 2012, , Pages 239-256

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2012.35384

Abstract

Elymais regions include the elevated plains and valleys of Bakhtiary Mountains in east of Karun River and in fact it is the northeast of Khozestan province. Although the exact determining ... Read More

Archaeological Study of Parthian Habitats in Sefid-rud Rudbar Valley

Ali Kazemi; Farzad Mafi; Zarin Fakhar

Volume 13, Issue 3 , September 2021, , Pages 241-263

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.280981.142716

Abstract

With seven cities, four districts, and 2514 square kilometers, Rudbar city is the largest city in the south of Gilan province. Environmental capabilities such as crossing the Sefid-rud ... Read More With seven cities, four districts, and 2514 square kilometers, Rudbar city is the largest city in the south of Gilan province. Environmental capabilities such as crossing the Sefid-rud River through the central part of Rudbar and being located in the connection route of the Central Plateau with northern Iran have long made this region the focus of groups and human communities. Hence, it has led to the scattering of countless sites throughout the region in the form of hills, cemeteries, and ancient sites. Between 2006 and 2010, among the 45 sites studied in the studied area, 19 sites from the Parthian period were identified with the cultural materials of this period. Descriptively and in the field, the present study has examined the topography, geographical location, access roads, and water resources of the works, as well as the cultural materials and pathology of the sites. Most of the surveyed areas include cemeteries and several small settlements. Limitation of environmental potentials is one of the most important factors that have prevented the formation of cities and large population centers in the region. Given the existence of pastures, forests, and water resources, it seems that the life of the people of this region at the same time as agriculture was based on animal husbandry. Additionally, the common way of life has been semi-nomadic (vertical style). Along a valley from the lowest to the highest point above sea level, the similarity of pottery and burials illustrates this well. In this study, most of the pottery of historical and Parthian periods was obtained in red, orange, dark brown, and generally polished, respectively. Most burials have simple pits, stone tumulus, catacombs, stone framed, and sometimes megaliths and jars. Comparable to other contemporaries, these burials are such as Vaskeh, Maian Rud, Maryan of Talesh and Rezvanshahr, and Coty deylaman Castles, Shahpir, Kaluraz, Juben and Chereh of Rudbar in Gilan, Germi in Azerbaijan and Biston in western Iran. The earthenware pieces of the sites are often polished and divided into two types, simple and decorative. The number of decorative pottery pieces was more than other species

The Role of the Goddess Anahita in Decorations of the Mosaic Ivan (loggia) in Bishapur

Mahsa Mohammad gholi beik; Hamidreza Jayhani

Volume 12, Issue 3 , December 2020, , Pages 243-268

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.250094.142527

Abstract

Due to the written history of urbanization, the City of Bishapur is counted as one of the Sassanid era's valuable examples. Through this city, valuable buildings and monuments were ... Read More Due to the written history of urbanization, the City of Bishapur is counted as one of the Sassanid era's valuable examples. Through this city, valuable buildings and monuments were obtained, including the temple of Anahita, hall of Chalipa, eastern and western Ivans (loggias), and related ornaments such as stucco and mosaic. The eastern mosaic Ivan (loggia) is one of the fundamental discoveries and components of the Bishapour royal citadel (Figure5), built in front of Anahita temple, Valerian palace, and hall of Chalipa. This Ivan has the most sets of intact mosaics. It is believed that the Roman prisoners (captured during the battle of Shahpour I and Valerian) were among the first people to teach the Iranians the art of mosaic imagery. May we emphasize that this story cannot be accepted for certain and requires further research. Today, studying the images on mosaics and comparing them with available historical and religious data gives us a new opportunity to interpret them differently than what our ancestors have been telling us for all these years and centuries. Comparing these images with those engraved on Sasanid plates tells us how Anahita (Persian goddess of fertility and wisdom) provides blessings and wisdom for kings and emperors. There is a strong possibility that these mosaics are dated back to Narseh's reign, 7th Sasanid king, and Shahpur I son. The Bishapur eastern mosaic porch (Ivan) is the precious remnant of the Sassanid era in which the greatest amount and most intact mosaics were obtained. The art of creating images using mosaic was pretty much rare in Iran. It is considered that this art found its way to Iran through Roman captivity after the war of ShapurI and Valerian. The study of the mosaic Ivan ornaments is important because it helps us know more about the city's use and historical interventions in it. Neglecting some of the details in motifs and attribution of making these decorations to Roman captives made it necessary to re-examine mosaics and their details. A review of the mosaic motifs and comparing them with historical and religious documents represent a new interpretation that can lead to a more understanding of the construction time and a clearer view of eastern Ivan's role within the royal palace. The purpose of this article is to re-read the mosaic motifs of the eastern Ivan to understand the architectural use of the mosaic Ivan, the possible period of construction, and understanding the story told by mosaics. This historical and descriptive study was conducted by comparing the images and motifs. Based on the results and findings of comparing mosaic motifs with reliefs and the same motifs on dishes and containers, the mosaics' images can be considered a glorious ceremony of giving splendor by the goddess Anahita to an important person (Figure 7). But who is this person? Considering the incompleteness of the mosaic motifs in the northwest and southwest fronts of the Ivan, it is impossible to express the person's identity in question (Figure 9). Still, by reviewing historical events and examining the fundamental changes in the art of this period during different years, perhaps a new hypothesis can be put forward about the possibility of building an Ivan by someone other than Shapur I. The first step is to search among the people who showed the most attention towards the goddess Anahita and showed her their support. The importance of this goddess is evident in the Sassanid Dynasty. But what is the reason for not attributing the mosaics to the Shapur I? With Shapur I's arrival, the image of Anahita was removed from coins and was replaced by Ahura Mazda. While even the quality of implementation of motifs is not the same as the similar examples built by the Romans in Antioch (Figure 4), how can solely because of the presence of Roman captives at Bishapur, assign the construction of mosaics to them? Also, Ivan's space in Bishapour is different from the Ivans in other royal buildings in the Sassanid period (Figure 1). Neither of these two porches is located along the principal axes of the Chalipa Hall. This is so obvious that Girshman does not consider the period of construction of the mosaic Ivan and the hall of Chalipa to be simultaneous. Sarfaraz has also found another layer of red mortar under the mosaic layer of the mosaic courtyard (western mosaic Ivan), which was thought to be the oldest flooring layer. Before examining Anahita's clothing, it is necessary to return to the issue of the dissimilarity of the Ivan with other spaces called Ivan in royal palaces. Lionel Bier believes that the discovered parts are a small part of a larger building. Azarnoush also considers the two buildings of the west and east Ivans along with the Chalipa Hall as a temple for the worship of Anahita. According to this, the Bishapour royal citadel plan was compared with the plan of an important religious complex such as Takht-e Soleiman. The number of similar cases in terms of plan form and the arrangement of spaces and structure is so numerous that the possibility of religious use for Bishapour can be considered probable (Figure 2). Furthermore, during the first Hormozd, Anahita's dress was different on the coins than the clothes in the mosaics of Bishapur. In the coins related to the second Bahram, her crown lacks a bullet above the head. So, the first similarities in the motifs of mosaics with Anahita are visible from the period of Narseh. According to Girshman, in the third century AD, the Sassanids' woolen and silk fabrics rarely had a pattern. We should consider that the use of patterns on the fabric has probably become common with the construction of weaving centers in Khuzestan by Shapur II (Table1). In terms of clothes, hair, and narrated subjects, mosaics' motifs have tremendous similarities with relief and motifs of coin attributed to the Anahita in the next periods. Also, there are some similarities in the description of the fifth Yasht regarding Anahita's appearance with a piece of the mosaic decorated with the woman lying on the pillow. Therefore, it should be studied in the history between 276 to 379 AD from Bahram II to Shapur II. Finally, by comparing the motifs of Mosaic Ivan with other remaining motifs of the goddess Anahita on the coins of the Sassanid period, the motifs attributed to Anahita on the carvings and sculptures discovered from the Arbabi mansion of Hajiabad, it was concluded that the motifs implemented on the mosaics are completely Iranian in terms of faces, clothes, and sitting posture. The weakness in the implementation of the motifs and the method of preparing the Bishapour mosaics is probably due to the implementation of those who learned this art from Roman captives in the past and later performed it at the request of the king. During these 100 years, one of the people who explicitly mentions the goddess Anahita is Narseh, Shapur I's son. Since his monarchy has been taken away, he clearly turns to Anahita and receives the ring of power from her (Figure 6). Narseh owes this victory to the goddess Anahita's support, so he wants to show the power, glory, and support of Anahita. The best place for this is his hometown, which was established by the order of the powerful Sassanid king, Shapur I. According to the issues mentioned above, it is more likely that the mosaics were made by order of Narseh to thank the goddess Anahita and to show her support in a city that is probably a collection for the worship of this goddess.

Study of the Development Process of Herat City During the Kart Dynasty, Based On the Survey of Developments in The Axis of Khiaban-Mazar-e Herat

Shahin Garakani Dashteh; Mohammad Mortezaei

Volume 16, Issue 2 , September 2024, , Pages 309-325

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2024.341280.143104

Abstract

Tomb Street (Khiaban-Mazar) is described as a complex where the tombs are located on either side of a passageway. “Khiaban-e Herat” (Herat Street) is also a cemetery with ... Read More

Chronological Study of the Chalcolithic Potteries from Khole-Kū in Takestan

Hamid Reza Valipour; Sare Ne’matollahi Niya

Volume 7, Issue 2 , December 2016, , Pages 175-195

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.57755

Abstract

Khole-Kū is located in the south of Takestan and on the border of Qazvin plain. This site was sounding during an archaeological project in the spring of 2011. The pottery materials ... Read More

An Explanation on Artistic Style and Date of a Decorated Bronze Belt from Gargul (West Azarbaijan, Iran)

Kazem Mollazadeh; ali binandeh

Volume 9, Issue 2 , April 2018, , Pages 177-191

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2018.208971.142297

Abstract

‌Southern basin of Urmia Lake has faced the significant political, cultural, and artistic evolutions during the first millennium BC. Rising and development of local governments caused ... Read More

Place of Value and Valuation Practices in the Conservation and Restoration Approaches of the Persepolis World Heritage Site

Parisa Abdollahi; koros samaniyan

Volume 10, Issue 2 , January 2019, , Pages 185-203

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.68538

Abstract

Survey and analysis of different distinctive conservation/restoration periods in Persepolis (from 1931 until present time) shows that the conservation approaches were mainly based on ... Read More

Recognizing the Architectural Features of Ali Shah' Mosque of Tabriz on the Basis of Archaeological, Historical and Architectural Evidences

amin moardi; behrooz omrani

Volume 11, Issue 1 , May 2019, , Pages 201-215

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.71113

Abstract

The approximate one century of Ilkhanid dominions in Iran, was a priory in flourishing such an innovation styles of Architectural and Urban designing in Islamic ages of which clarifying ... Read More

Revisit the Kura-Araxes: The Absolute and Relative Chronology of Qaleh Tepe and Ali Yourd Tepe, Zanjan Province, Iran

Amir sadegh Naghshineh; Barbara Helwing; HASSAN Fazeli Nashli

Volume 15, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 203-224

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2024.371269.143246

Abstract

The communities of the Kura- Araxes cultural complex with their highly distinctive cultural and economic features represent the occupation of some parts of the Near East and Caucasia ... Read More The communities of the Kura- Araxes cultural complex with their highly distinctive cultural and economic features represent the occupation of some parts of the Near East and Caucasia during the Bronze Age. Generally, the origin of this culture is sought in the Southern Caucasus. In Iran, the spread of this cultural tradition represents not only a rupture in the cultural development of the Mesopotamian traditions. Environmental changes linked to Rapid Climate Change (RCC) also forced the population to develop new economic strategies. Until about two decades ago, knowledge of the flourishing Kura Araxes occupation was limited to the north-west of the country and to some parts of the Central Zagros, but recent research in the zones south and north of the Alborz Mountain Range, on the northern edge of the Central Plateau allows by now to present a more detailed picture of the Kura Araxes occupation in both diachronic and synchronic perspective. Recent archaeological excavations in the two sites of Qaleh Tepe and Ali Yourd Tepe revealed some important new data from Kura-Araxes settlements in the corridor of the north Central Plateau and northwestern Iran. The two sites are located in the eastern Zanjan Province in the Abhar Rood Basin. This paper aims to update the chronology of the Kura-Araxes culture based on the radiocarbon dates from the two sites of Qaleh Tepe and Ali Yourd Tepe. The stratigraphy and radiocarbon dates of the two sites reveal the beginning of the Kura-Araxes culture in the region from c. 2900 BCE, followed by a quick extension into the northern Central Plateau, where it is represented by sites such as Shizar, Doranabad, Ostur, and Barlekin. Similarity and diversity characterize the Kura-Araxes cultural complex. However, based on the current data, the ceramic style represents a common feature, but also the architectural remains indicate a common cultural tradition during the first quarter of the third millennium BCE in the Central Zagros, northwestern Iran, and on the Central Plateau

Tam(uk)ka(n), Taoke, Tah(u)makah & Tahukka; the Names for an Achaemenid Port on the Northern Coast of the Persian Gulf; A Challenges for Conformity between Textual and Archaeological Documents

Afshin Yazdani; Bahman Firouzmandi Shireh Jin

Volume 8, Issue 1 , April 2016, , Pages 205-223

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2016.59503

Abstract

The Persepolis clay tablets (dating back to Darius the Great) and the Mesopotamian archives from the time of Cyrus the Great as well as the historical reports from the time of Alexander ... Read More

Preliminary Results of the Archaeological survey on the southern Zayandeh Rood Basin, Laran County, Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari Province

ali norozi; Mohsen Heydari Dastenaei

Volume 10, Issue 1 , August 2018, , Pages 207-226

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2018.135136.142225

Abstract

Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari province witnesses a long period of human occupations. It is due to for the geography and environmental factors such as its location on the highly mountainous ... Read More Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari province witnesses a long period of human occupations. It is due to for the geography and environmental factors such as its location on the highly mountainous regions as well as the existence of permanent water resources, small plains, deep valleys and the presence of tribal and nomadic roads. One of these mountainous regions is the Laran County, which is in fact a relatively long valley with smaller suburbs. This section includes the southern aquiferous of Zayandeh-Rud Basin and its branches and the eastern portion of the Karoon River Basin. This region is perhaps one of the few areas of the country where no major archaeological activities have been performed yet. Considering the geographical location and environmental capabilities of the area, carrying out an archaeological survey with the aim of understanding the location of the region in the archaeological studies in Zagros, identifying the factors affecting to the formation, continuity, expansion and disruption of its settlements, and assessing the history of human life developments in the region is necessary. Accordingly, the Laran County was systematic surveyed in 2010. Overall, 210 archaeological sites from the Neolithic period to the contemporary era were identified and recorded. The remains discovered include sites, hills, caves and shelters, cemeteries, bridges, mosques and shrine. In total, 4 settlements from the Neolithic period, 20 settlements of various periods of Chalcolithic, 6 settlements from the Bronze Age 32 sites of the Iron and Achaemenid period, 60 sites from the Parthian and Sassanian periods and 111 ancient sites of the Islamic period were identified. Most of the settlements in this area are located at low altitude and their surface findings have been very poor. Due to the location and morphology of these sites, as well as the studies of the remains of the living nomadic peoples, it seems that most of them are used seasonally. This article is intended to present the preliminary results of this survey work.

Investigating the Cultural Evolutions in Western Hinterlands of Alvand From Chalcolithic period to the End of Iron Age (Based on an archeological survey in Tuyserkan intermountain plain)

Reza Nazari Arshad; Khalilollah Beik Mohammadi

Volume 8, Issue 2 , March 2017, , Pages 209-227

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2017.61779

Abstract

Extensive or intensive methods in archeological surveys are amongst the most common practical techniques in identifying phenomena, cultural changes and cultural ecosystem. Studying ... Read More

Distribution of Uruk Material Culture and it's Cultural and Political Interplay with Kura-Araxes Tradition

Sepideh Maziar

Volume 9, Issue 1 , August 2017, , Pages 211-231

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2017.64013

Abstract

In the fourth Millennium BC, as the societies became more complex and with the formation of Uruk culture and the sophisticated social and economic mechanisms behind it, we are confronted ... Read More

A Historical Archaeology of the Zoroastrian Societies in Maybod (Yazd): A Preliminary Report of Archaeological Survey in the Mazra’e Kalantar and Hassan Abad Villages

Hassan Fazeli nashli; Ruth Young

Volume 11, Issue 2 , October 2019, , Pages 211-226

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.73114

Abstract

A joint team from University of Tehran and Leicester University carried out a first season of archaeological exploration of Zoroastrian societies in Maybod of Yazad province during ... Read More

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Volume 8 (2016)

Volume 7 (2015)

Volume 6 (2014)

Volume 5 (2013)

Volume 4 (2012)

Volume 3 (2011)

Volume 1 (2009)

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