Journal of Archaeological Studies

A Study on the Battle of Bahram–e Goor in Keshmahin on the Basis of Motifs from Bandian–e Dargaz

ali sadrayi; Mostansar Gholinejad; Hossein Koohestani; Mahmoud Toghraie; Mahia Azar

Volume 11, Issue 2 , October 2019, , Pages 171-190

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.73113

Abstract

The analyses and interpretations of archaeological findings and historical texts of the Sassanid period have not yielded satisfactory results in some cases despite extensive evidence. ... Read More

An Analytical Look at Archaeology and Its Place in Iran

Simā Yadollāhi; Abbās Yalveh’i

Volume 3, Issue 1 , July 2011, , Pages 177-194

Abstract

Almost a century and a half ago, the name or concept of archeology was not commonly known in Iran. As a branch of human sciences, archeology emerged in Iran as a consequence of the ... Read More

A Look at the Indexes of Style and Symbol in the Study of Archaeological Evidences and Their Role in our Accessibility to the Past Conceptions

Hekmatollah Mollasalehi; Sima Yadollahi

Volume 1, Issue 1 , January 2009, , Pages 185-198

Abstract

Dichotomy is a serious obstacle in archaeological studies; it is a problem all fields of human, social and historical knowledge and even natural sciences are faced with. However, in ... Read More

The Bathhouse of Haj Mir-Hassan Qazvin, a Bath from Early Qajar Era

Parivash Akbari; Hayedeh Laleh; Ali Shojaee Esfahani

Volume 3, Issue 2 , February 2012, , Pages 193-219

Abstract

The public bathhouses are included in buildings as public utilities that have been expanded throughout Islamic realm by arising Islamic religion that cleaning is the preamble for most ... Read More

The Architectural Tradition of Tombs in the Third Millennium BC in Dambe Kou, Makran, Sistan and Baluchestan Province

Morteza Hessari

Volume 13, Issue 2 , September 2021, , Pages 199-224

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2021.301810.142872

Abstract

The most important area that is directly related to the civilization of the Sind and the southern coastal countries of the Persian Gulf is the Makkoran. These three cultural areas have ... Read More The most important area that is directly related to the civilization of the Sind and the southern coastal countries of the Persian Gulf is the Makkoran. These three cultural areas have many cultural commonalities, especially in the third millennium BC. One of the cultural commonalities of material and spiritual expression is the burial in this period, which shows the same cultural identity in this part of the world. Death is the simplest reality of life, and the actions performed during burial a kind of concern for the fate of the dead. Burial is the ritual of separation from one world to another, and burial is a kind of commitment to the deceased as a member of society. Burial and related traditions are a reflection of the spiritual and ritual aspects of human cultures. Common similarities can be found among different cultures. One of the centers where these commonalities can be found is Dembukuh Cemetery. This cemetery Dambe Kouh is the largest cemetery and area that has been discovered in the southwestern tip of Iran. The area from the third millennium BC It has been established periodically until the Islamic period. The site should have close interactions with the cultural areas around it, especially the Sind Civilization, due to the data obtained from it. The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical and comparative and the basic and basic data required are obtained through field studies that include prospecting and surface-level surveys. The overall result is a homogeneous appearance of graves, a few graves and the use of graves in later periods. The most important area that is directly related to the civilization of the Sind and the southern coastal countries of the Persian Gulf is the Makkoran. These three cultural areas have many cultural commonalities, especially in the third millennium BC. One of the cultural commonalities of material and spiritual expression is the burial in this period, which shows the same cultural identity in this part of the world

Qolam Tepe of Jafarabad: Recognition of the Sialk VI Satellite Site in Kashan Foothills

Reza Naseri; Malekzadeh Mehrdad

Volume 14, Issue 2 , September 2022, , Pages 199-224

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2022.337559.143081

Abstract

Until recently, the culture of the late Iron Age in the central Iranian Plateau had only been identified at the southern mound of Sialk. In this study, a newly discovered site, called ... Read More

Study of the Evolution of Finny Tower Tombs in Islamic Architecture: the Case Study of Azhar Tower of Dargazin, Iran

Reza Nazari arshad; Hassan Karimian

Volume 13, Issue 1 , July 2021, , Pages 211-234

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.290416.142790

Abstract

Architecture is among the important branches of art and civilization and architectural structures, beside their practical uses, have also served as the ground for the emergence of different ... Read More Architecture is among the important branches of art and civilization and architectural structures, beside their practical uses, have also served as the ground for the emergence of different arts and as indications of the grand status and glories of their founders. Among the various branches of architecture, tomb structures and funeral monuments have long played significant roles in culture, civilization and society of Iran and also have occupied an essential place in the history of our architecture. Therefore, beside the mosques, shrines have been the most popular public buildings in Iran and have entered the cultural tissues of Iranian life and society. A large portion of the evolution of architecture in Islamic era can be traced in the holy shrines and tombs. The formation, identity and being of these buildings are often closely connected with great local, national, political and religious leaders and characters. Thee architectural monuments also deserve scholarly studies in terms of their artistic, social, historical, cultural and religious aspects. Caring for shrines and building them is related to belief in hereafter, desire for immortality and love of followers and lovers of the deceased persons. Building of such places which come under various names such as “burial place”, “shrine”, “sanctuary”, “sanctum”, “receptacle”, “tomb”, “sepulcher”, “tower”, “imamzadeh”, etc. roughly began in 4th century A H. and became then more prevalent is eastern and northern Iran through the practice and believes of various sects and dynasties. The process became especially popular during the Shite dynasties such as Alavids (250-360 A H), and Buwayhids (320-447 A. H.) whose political power and rule helped the building of such places, shrines and tombs more than ever. In the Islamic societies of middle centuries, shrines found a very high stature among the masses and ordinary religious people. Interestingly, building shrines for great religious and social leaders has been more passionately pursued in Iran than in other Islamic countries so that, Ernst Diez, the Austrian art historian, “such buildings are the most popular and prevalent in Islamic Iran.” In fact, it was for the grand status and importance of such places that the first major undertaking that kings did after succession, was erecting graves and shrines for themselves and their fathers and relatives so as to be redeemed by God and gain an everlasting fame and name. Regarding their shape and format, sepulchers are basically divided into two forms: tower tombs and non-tower (rectangles tombs). A large portion of the shrines in Islamic era are tower tombs which have different shapes such as circular, multisided and finny, and also have common features such as a tall outside tower, and in them, emphasis is on the altitude not the extent of the building. Although some scholars have tried to work out a justification for the birth and building of tower tombs, none has ever come up with an all-satisfying evidence for the formation of such building along with the Islamic traditions governing them. In Hamadan province, Iran, there are some tower tombs from different Islamic eras, such as Ghorban Tower, Baba Hossein Tower in Malayer, Hayaquq Tower Tomb, etc. in the present study, we have undertaken to introduce one such tower tomb and describe its architectural and archeological characteristics; that is “Azhar Tower” that is located at the Dargazin section of Razan city, Hamadan Province. The city is situated at the north of Hamadan province and has many historical and cultural works belonging to different historical epochs, mostly Islamic era. The tower tomb with finny shape ,also called AzharImamzadeh, is one of the works from the Islamic era, but has not so far been comprehensively studied and there exists still many ambiguities about its history and being. The present study, thus, aims at considering the structural features of this building, its decorative elements, architectural innovations, and finding about the identity of the person buried under it. It also intends to consider this tomb as one of the few tower tombs with a finny shape and a star-like base for the tower, and comparing it with similar buildings in order to trace the mutual influences exchanged between it and similar forms both before and after its date. The research methodology applied for this purpose is an archeological case studythrough a descriptive-analytic study alongside using written sources such as historical and geographical documents and travelogues. The main questions posed by the project are: 1- in which historical age was the Azghar Tower built and with which similar architectural works can it be compared? 2- What are the innovations, and the architectural and decorative elements of the Tower? 3- Regarding the great importance of the Dargazin region in different historical eras, especially in middle Islamic epochs and the great sociopolitical people that have emerged in this region, what can be known about the identity of the person buried in there? The final results of the study show that the Azhar Tower Tomb dates back to the first half of the eighth century A. H. when the Ilkhanate (654-750 A H). Also, as the last tower shrine with a finny design in the history of Iranian Islamic architecture, it had been built based on the architectural and decorative forms dominant in the Ilkhanate age, and had been affected by some tower tombs in the central and northern parts of Iran, particularly, Imamzadeh Abdullah, and Ubayd Allah of Damavand, and the Bastam Tower. It is also most probable that the Azhar Tower was built for the burial of one of the outstanding man of the Dargazin region, named Sheik Sharaf-o-AldinDargazini.

Study of the 14th to 17th Centuries Azerbaijan Museum Gravestones Ornaments Based on Analytical Semiotic Approach

mehdi kazempour

Volume 13, Issue 3 , September 2021, , Pages 211-239

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.278962.142699

Abstract

TheAzerbaijan Museum has historical artworks from the pre-Islamic to Islamic periods. One of the most important parts of this museum is an open-air section, where a large number of ... Read More TheAzerbaijan Museum has historical artworks from the pre-Islamic to Islamic periods. One of the most important parts of this museum is an open-air section, where a large number of Gravestones, were collected and transported to this place from cemeteries around the city (Tabriz), as well as various East Azerbaijan cities cemeteries. Collecting of gravestones from different parts, has created a very rich collection of gravestones in this museum, which has provided a very good opportunity for studying East Azerbaijan gravestones in the Islamic periods. Now, in this research, we have tried to classify the gravestones ornaments types in the first stage by systematic research and collecting information by fieldwork and library methods, and afterward in the next step we will analyze the gravestones ornaments by symbolism approach. This research, which is of descriptive-analytical type, aims to answer the following questions: What are the symbolic meanings of the Azerbaijan Museum gravestones ornaments? What are the main features of the decorations of this gravestones and what motifs have been used the most? Based on this study, it was determined that the motifs ornaments in the Azerbaijan Museum gravestones (which are related to 14th to 17th century) are divided into four categories: palnet, geometric, Altar and inscription motifs that has direct relationship with religious beliefs of decided. Among these motifs inscription motifs are used mostly, basically poems and verses that shows mortality people initiation to the world. According to their religious beliefs, these people consider this world to be mortal and have tried to warn others about this mortality. Accordingly, they have been careful enough in choosing the theme, in choosing the poems, and in choosing the verses of the Qur'an. This has led to a harmony between the themes. Among the plant motifs on the Azerbaijan Museum gravestones, Khatai and Arabesque, and among the geometric patterns, circle are used mostly.

An introduction to the culture of Khojaly-Gadabay in the South Caucasus and its expansion in the northwest of Iran

Ali Karimikiya; Reza Rezaloo

Volume 12, Issue 3 , December 2020, , Pages 217-241

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.250873.142544

Abstract

Khojaly-Gadabay is a culture in the archeological literature of the Republic of Azerbaijan that was first recognized in the Khojaly region of this country. Chronologically, it dates ... Read More Khojaly-Gadabay is a culture in the archeological literature of the Republic of Azerbaijan that was first recognized in the Khojaly region of this country. Chronologically, it dates to the Late Bronze and the Old Iron Ages in the Caucasus area, and the Iron Ages I and II in the northwest of Iran. In addition to Khojaly-Gadabay, this culture is known with the names such as Central Zagafia, Ganja-Garabagh in the Republic of Azerbaijan, and Lechashen-Metsamur in the Republic of Armenia. Most archeological data of this culture have been obtained and studied from the cemeteries of non-residential cites. This descriptive-analytical study analyzes the main characteristics, based on archaeological data and with a comparative approach. In this study, it is tried to answer two main questions. First, what are the most important archaeological attributes of this culture in the studied geography? Second, how the origins and ways of expanding this culture can be explained? This paper can provide a clear understanding and an appropriate background for the study of this culture in the northwest of Iran. The main features of this culture have been the use of gray pottery, various burial shapes, semi-nomadic lifestyle, and the use of structures and temples in the spiritual and religious range. This study aimed at investigating the archeological data obtained both in the South Caucasus and in the northwest of Iran. The main objective of this work is to explore the most important cultural features of Khojaly-Gadabay culture and its distribution areas, as well as clarifying some unknown and dark features and commonalities and differences of this culture in the two mentioned geographical locations.The main questions of this study are as follows: 1) What are the most important archaeological features of this culture in the studied geography? 2) How the nuclei of formation, origin, and dissemination of this culture are explained? The answer to these unknowns can provide a clear horizon and a suitable background for studying this culture in the northwest of Iran (Azerbaijan). Reviewing previous studies show that the main features of this culture are the use of gray pottery, burials of different shapes, having a semi-nomadic life, and the construction and use of temples (in terms of spiritual and religious aspects). Based on the obtained archaeological data of this culture, Azerbaijani archaeologists attribute the formation, origin, and spread of this culture to the west of this country in 1450 to 900/800 B.C. This culture has spread from the South Caucasus to the northwest of Iran (Azerbaijan) between tribes that have been peacefully connected. The present study was conducted based on a descriptive-analytical method with a comparative approach. The authors of the article try to study this culture in the two geographical areas of the South Caucasus and northwest of Iran using different designs, species of pottery, and metal objects through a comparative approach and provide a clear understanding of this culture. Toward the end of the second millennium BC, tribes and communities engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry emerged in the western part of the Republic of Azerbaijan. All archaeological and cultural data related to these communities are known in the Azerbaijani archeological literature as “Khojaly-Gadabay culture”. Based on the obtained archaeological data of this culture, Azerbaijani archaeologists attribute the formation, origin, and spread of this culture to the west of this country in 1450 to 900/800 B.C. This culture has spread from the South Caucasus to the northwest of Iran between tribes that have been peacefully connected. Khojaly-Gadabay culture has been studied in terms of burial method, as well as archaeological and cultural aspects in the geographical area of the northwest of Iran, especially on the banks of the Aras River in sites or cemeteries such as Jafarabad Khodaafarin Cemetery, Larijan Cemetery, Tuali Sofla Cemetery. One of the main features of Khojaly-Gadabay culture is gray pottery (Figurs: 5,6,7,8) decorated with carvings and bronze objects (Figur: 3). In terms of shape and form, tombs come in a variety of shapes, including box-shaped and stone-shaped tombs in mountainous areas foothills whereas simple graves, earthen tombs, pit, plain-like, and brick graves in plain-like areas. Burials have been performed both collectively and individually. Burials in the residential area of the Caucasus basin were mostly collective and secondary, except that burial with a brick structure has not been obtained from the Caucasus region. Kurgani burials (Figur: 15) and stone-shaped boxes (Figur: 9) are located in two geographical areas in non-residential areas while cemeteries and have been reported from the foothills and around the castles. Khojaly-Gadabay culture pottery includes portable and removable utensils. Commonly used geometric patterns in the study area include horizontal recessed stripes, lace-shape patterns, horizontal lines, dot-like patterns, mushroom-shaped appendages, rhombus-shaped patterns, spring-shaped patterns, and stamped patterns. Animal motifs used in this culture include motifs of goats, rams (Figur: 6), cows, or birds. The resulting pottery is technically divided into two categories of wheel maker and handmade. Interestingly, according to the present study, pottery species show resemblance in two geographical areas, both in terms of pattern and form. One of the interesting points about these cemeteries is the secondary burial and having an altar or temple. The use of sacred sites and religious activities in the residential area obtained from layer VIII of Kul Tepe-I is related to the Chalcolithic period. Also, indemnification of a temple that has cow-horn and horseshoes shaped stoves is related to the Early Bronze Age of Kul Tepe-I and II. The use of sacred sites in residential or burial area in the region is suggestive of the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age in the South Caucasus basin. In some of these cemeteries, including Muncuqlu Tǝpǝ/Munjuglu Tepe, each tomb has its own altar, and the altars were built right at the entrance and in front of the tombs. The depth of the altars is 50 cm and the depth of the graves is 70-100 cm. One of the religious sites related to this culture is obtained from the Gegarut site of Armenia, which was named temple (Figur: 10) by an excavator. Another important element in the subject of spirituality and religion is the construction and use of the temple. In this regard, the use of the temple is one of the major features of Khojaly-Gadabay culture. The reason is that some squirrels, dogs, and horses have been found in these tombs. Furthermore, finding an altar platform from the cemeteries and the mixture of soil covering the upper part of the tombs, along with pieces of pottery, has been recognized by archaeologists as a sign of the burial rite with the reception. Sometimes, the temple is built in the settlement area and sometimes in cemeteries and non-settlement, indicting worships in both parts. One of the important features of this culture is the decoration of pottery with animal heads, including ram heads, which were obtained from the Goy Tepe (Figur: 20) and belongs to the Iron Age II. The decoration of the utensils with the heads of animals such as cows, horses, and other animals, in addition to pottery, is also reflected in bronze objects. Pottery with embossed decorations with animal heads (ram or cow heads) from Zayamchai Cemetery of the Republic of Azerbaijan, is seen in this culture. These potters have two holes near the edge and the crescent sign inside the bowls. Like this type of earthen bowl, some potteries were detected in Dinkhah Tepe (Figur: 22) and Kordlar Tepe (Figur: 23). Based on the discovery of uninhabited cemeteries in the foothills and mountainous areas along with the settlement in the lowlands, archaeologists have concluded that the livelihood and lifestyle of the Khojaly-Gadabay culture were semi-nomadic and the inhabitants in mountainous areas had been engaged in livestock and agricultural activities.

A study on the historical shrine of Emamzadeh Aghil of Yasokand, Bijar

Maryam Mohammadi; Javad Neyestani; Ali Reza Hojabri Nobari

Volume 4, Issue 1 , July 2012, , Pages 221-237

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2012.35383

Abstract

During the first Islamic centuries, Kurdistan is one of areas that there has been little information on architectural and monumental structure of this area. In such a situation, Imamzadeh ... Read More

Cultural dynamics of the second half of the fourth millennium BC and the roots of early urbanization in southeastern Iran (3500-3000 BC)

Hossein Moradi

Volume 12, Issue 4 , May 2021, , Pages 221-238

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2021.313602.142951

Abstract

During the late fourth millennium B.C some changes took place in many archaeological sites of south eastern Iran that affected the different aspects of life in the region. By ... Read More

Who Were Serving Passengers on the Royal Road?

Leila Makvandi

Volume 9, Issue 2 , April 2018, , Pages 157-175

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2018.216513.142336

Abstract

Historical sources provide valuable information related to extent, control and maintaining security, stations and its services about Achaemenid Royal Road, but they tell nothing about ... Read More

Topheth Human Sacrifice Altars in Jerusalem According to Old Testament and Islamic Resources

Javad Neyestani

Volume 7, Issue 2 , December 2016, , Pages 165-174

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.57754

Abstract

The Topheth (in Ancient Jerusalem), considered as a holly land in Canaanites period, it was the altar of human sacrifice in honor of Baal. The history of the ritual, human sacrifice ... Read More

An Analytical Study on the Objects of the Oxus Treasure

Sadreddin Taheri; Reza Bayramzadeh

Volume 10, Issue 2 , January 2019, , Pages 171-184

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.68537

Abstract

This article tries to look at the Oxus treasure and to have a survey on this glorious ancient collection, typology of its objects and semiotics of its motifs. Our most important purposes ... Read More

How Darius Build the Suez Canal? Its Political-Economic Impact in Achaemenid Period

Rahim Velāyati

Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 2010, , Pages 177-201

Abstract

If we consider the starting of Achaemenian Empire in 559 BC, the year that Cyrus, the second, came to power and its ending in 332 BC, the year that Iran was conquered by Alexander, ... Read More

New Light on the Unknown Minting Centre 65

Zahra Alinezhad; Mostafa Dehpahlavan; Arthur Houghton; mohammad lamehi

Volume 11, Issue 1 , May 2019, , Pages 185-200

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.71112

Abstract

In a new research on the Seleucid coins of Avicenna’s (Bu Ali Sina) Museum of Hamedan, eight new Tetradrachms from uncertain mint 65 have been identified. These coins issued under ... Read More

The Historical Approach to the Relative Chronology of Caravansarai of Alaki, Near Marand

Ali Nemati-Babaylou; Mahsa Saidi -Mehrabad

Volume 15, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 185-201

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2022.344774.143137

Abstract

Due to the importance of Tabriz in various historical periods after the Mongol’s invasion to the end of the Qajar period, as continuously being the capital city or the residence ... Read More Due to the importance of Tabriz in various historical periods after the Mongol’s invasion to the end of the Qajar period, as continuously being the capital city or the residence city of the prince, entrance to this city has been reflected in various reports. Most of the foreigners who entered Iran from European countries came from Caucasus Road to Tabriz and reported many buildings on their way. Moreover, this road was one of the most significant roadways for Caravans on the Silk Road, where various residential buildings have been constructed. Alaki caravansarai is one of the most important roadside accommodations in Northwest Iran, and so many reports about it and the quality of its façade decorations can be traced in the travelogues of foreigners who traveled to Iran. Its vastitude and elegant entrance gate nevertheless, this building has unfortunately been neglected and was about to be ruined in the 19th century and afterward. However, the beauty of its entrance gate has gained the attention of many people and has been reported in many sources. Based on the ornaments used, recent sources in the history of architecture have estimated its date to the 12th century and Ilkhanid Abū Saʿīd Bahādor Khan and the Timurid period. These sources based their estimation only on the type of ornaments used on its entrance gate and its probable that the existence of dated artworks of the Ilkhanid period nearby, such as the Mihrab of Marand’s Jame Mosque, has influenced this speculation. This article aims to meticulously study this building in various travelogues, al-Wqafīyya al-Rashīdīyya, and other sources in the history of architecture and discusses the ornament types used and their history. The detailed study of the documents and sources indicated that this building could belong to the presidency period of Ḵᵛāja Rašid-al-Din Fażl-Allāh, and based on his emphasis to establish this building, can be dated 1297-1309. The ornaments, moreover, indicate the transient period from brickwork to tilework which happened in the late 13th and early 14th centuries

Archaeological Survey of Qaleh Iraj, Dating and Function

Seyed Mehdi Mousavinia; Mohammadreza Nemati

Volume 8, Issue 2 , March 2017, , Pages 189-208

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2017.61778

Abstract

Among the Historical Monuments which have been identified in Tehran plain, Qaleh Iraj (known also as Qaleh Gabri) is the biggest in extent by 1470 m. length, 1300 m. Width covering ... Read More

Multiple Identification Alternatives for Two Sassanid Equestrians on Fīrūzābād I Relief: A Heraldic Approach

Rezā Kalāni

Volume 9, Issue 1 , August 2017, , Pages 189-209

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2017.64012

Abstract

Unlike the king himself, the identity of other figures carved out of Sassanid reliefs has mostly been controversial. This study attempts to resolve one of such controversial discussions ... Read More

Analyzing Tepe Ismailabad Pottery Motifs and Forms

Ahmad Aliyari; Hassan talaee

Volume 10, Issue 1 , August 2018, , Pages 189-205

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2018.251187.142534

Abstract

Considering Tepe Ismailabad and Cheshmeali sequences, identifying the architectural levels as well as the length of continuation of this culture in the mound, provides the most accurate ... Read More

The Study of Alloy and Manufacturing Techniques of Bangles of Eurasian Nomadic Tribes: Case Study, Bangles Discovered from Jafarabad’s Kurgan No 8

Atefeh Yadollahi; Hamidreza Bakhshandeh Fard; Farshid Iravani Ghadim

Volume 8, Issue 1 , April 2016, , Pages 191-204

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2016.59502

Abstract

“Kurgans”, which have recently been explored during an archeological excavation in Iran, contain graves where Eurasian used to bury the corps of their dead people. The Kurgans ... Read More

Analyzing Archaeological Finds from the Chehrabad Salt Mine

Abolfazl Aali; Thomas Stollner; Bahman Firuzmandi

Volume 11, Issue 2 , October 2019, , Pages 191-210

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.73118

Abstract

The Chehrabad salt mine is one of the rare ancient salt mine in the world and the only identified salt mine in Iran which has evidences of salt extracting over a long time span from ... Read More

Why Kerman Province cannot be the Location of Šimaški?

Kamal Aldin Niknami; Babak Rafi’i Alavi

Volume 1, Issue 1 , January 2009, , Pages 199-215

Abstract

?ima?ki is one of the important Toponyms in old Elamite Period. Until now, there has been no agreement among archaeologists on the location of this Toponym. This article wants to show ... Read More

Investigating of the Function of the Architectural Square Space of Tang-i-Chakchak Complex, Fars Province: A New Look Toward Sanctuaries of Arədvī Sūrā Anāhitā during Sassanid Period1

Seyed Mehdi Mousavi Kouhpar; Alireza Zabanavar; ُSolmaz Ahmadzadeh Khosrowshahi

Volume 12, Issue 4 , May 2021, , Pages 211-231

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2021.317834.142977

Abstract

Tang-i-Chakchak complex is located at eastern Fars Province. As one of the biggest religious Sassanid architectural complex, it consists of two main architectural spaces including a ... Read More

Characterization of the Marble Stone Bowles of Jiroft Plain and Compare with Marble Stones Scattered in the Distributaries of Halil and Shour Rivers in Southeast Iran

Mehdi razani; Ramin Mohamadi sefidkhani; Bahram Ajorlo; ahmad jahangiri

Volume 13, Issue 2 , September 2021, , Pages 225-243

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.275663.142676

Abstract

Archaeologically, Southeastern Iran has been hypothesized as one of the most important centers for the production and export of marble artifacts during the Bronze Age Near East. The ... Read More Archaeologically, Southeastern Iran has been hypothesized as one of the most important centers for the production and export of marble artifacts during the Bronze Age Near East. The characterization of the marbles from this region is necessary for identifying and rethinking the source of craft products and trade in the prehistoric societies of the cultural areas of Sindh and Mesopotamia, On the other hand, accurate knowledge of the type of stone with the recorded scientific words to introduce them is an important step in investigating the relationship between marble artifacts and geological tectonics and also the origin, in order to study morphology and preparation process of raw material and production of marble containers in Jiroft Plain, field and morphological studies using petrography, XRPD and SEM-EDX methods have been conducted to study samples of South Konar Sandal Hill and confiscated works. The question of this article is about the structure of raw materials for the production of marble artifacts in Jiroft Plain and its relation with the tectonic domain of the field. In this regard, seven ancient samples, two samples of Galoumaran Marble Mine and Qom Limestone Formation, and twelve samples of scattered rough rocks along the Halil River and Shur River near the mentioned ancient hills have been studied. After examining the results of petrography and the similarity of ancient samples, studied examples obtained from the cultural layers of South Konar Sandal Hill for further study using the XRPD analysis and the confiscated samples - regarding the different characteristics of the other ancient samples in this paper - were selected for further study using the SEM-EDX analysis. The result of this research is the classification of marble species being commonly referred to archaeological studies and the introduction of the aragonite structure of marble containers in the southeast of Iran - extracted from sedimentary formations of springs. Moreover, due to the agreement between the results of this research and the geological map of Jiroft Plain and the presence of homogeneous rocks that can be generalized to ancient samples, localization of the preparation process of raw material is suggested.

Volume 16 (2024)

Volume 15 (2023)

Volume 14 (2022)

Volume 13 (2021)

Volume 12 (2020)

Volume 11 (2019)

Volume 10 (2018)

Volume 9 (2017)

Volume 8 (2016)

Volume 7 (2015)

Volume 6 (2014)

Volume 5 (2013)

Volume 4 (2012)

Volume 3 (2011)

Volume 1 (2009)

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