Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Kashan

Abstract

Historical sources provide valuable information related to extent, control and maintaining security, stations and its services about Achaemenid Royal Road, but they tell nothing about jobs and officials who worked at traveling services. Fourtunatley, there are 719 texts of travel rations (Q texts) in the Persepolis Fortification Archive, revealing highly important information about offering service to passengers. In this paper, by separating texts belong to each certain job, we try to analyze through comparing them in case of personal names, seal and other information, to familiarity the workers and their commission. Study on travel ration texts shows that mentioned jobs in term are originally Iranian, and many of them such as travel guide, were professional and heirachial job.

Keywords

بریان، پیر (1386) «از ساردیس تا شوش»، در وحدت سیاسی و تعامل فرهنگی در شاهنشاهی هخامنشی، ترجمه: ناهید فروغان، تهران، اختران، 280 -261.
فیروزمندی، بهمن؛ لیلا مکوندی(1388)، «گل‌نبشته‌های باروی تخت‌جمشید (خط و نوع متن آن‌ها)»، مطالعات باستان‌شناسی، شماره 2، دوره 1، صص 62 -49.
کتزیاس (1390)، پرسیکا، ترجمه: فریدون مجلسی، تهران، دانشگاه تهران.
گزنفون (1352)، کوروشنامه، ترجمه رضا مشایخی، چ. دوم، تهران، علمی و فرهنگی.
مکوندی، لیلا (1392)، «متن‌های سفر در بایگانی باروی تخت‌جمشید»، پازند، سال نهم، شماره 32-33، صص 88 -59.
هرودوت، (1336)، تاریخ هرودوت، ترجمه هادی هدایتی، تهران، دانشگاه تهران.
Azzoni, A., 2008. The Bowman and the Aramic tablets, in: P. Briant; W. Henkelman & M. Stolper (eds.), l’archive des fortifications de Persépolis. etat des questions et perspectives de recherches, Paris., (Persika 12), Paris:  De Boccard, pp. 253-236.
Briant, P., 2012. From the Indus to the Mediterranean: the administrative organization and logistics of the Great Roads of the Achaemenid Empire, in: S. Alcock, J. Bodel and R. J. A., Talbert, R., (eds.), highways, byways, and road systems in the pre-modern world, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, pp. 185- 201.
Callieri, P., 1995. Une borne routière grecque de la région de Persépolis,’ comptes-rendus des séances de l’académie des inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 139: 65–73.
Dusinberre, E.R.M., 2008. Seal impressions on the Persepolis fortification Aramaic tablets: preliminary observations’, in: P. Briant, W. Henkelman and M. Stolper, (eds.), l’archive des fortifications de Persépolis. etat des questions et perspectives de recherché, Paris, pp. 239-252.
Garrison, M.B., 1988. Seal workshop and artists in Persepolis: a study of seal impressions preserving the theme of heroic encounter on the Persepolis fortification and treasury tablets, Ph. D Dissertation, University of Michigan (UMI 8907034), Ann Arbor.
 ـــــــــــــــــ1991. Seals and the elite at Persepolis: some observations on early Achaemenid Persian art, Ars Orientalis 21: 1- 29.
Garrison, M. B., and Henkelman, W. F. M., (Forthcoming) Sigillophobe suppliers and idiosyncratic scribes: administrative profileand glyptic behaviour in the Persepolis fortification archive, in: E. R. M., Dusinberre and M. B., Garrison (eds.), The art of empire in Achaemenid Persia: Festschrift in honour of Margaret Cool Root (Achaemenid History 16), Leiden.
Garrison, M.B., and Root, M.C., 2001. Seals on the Persepolis fortification tablets, part 1: images of heroic encounter, 2 vols. Chicago.
Gershevitch, I., 1951. Review of Cameron (1948), Asia Major 2, 132-144.
ـــــــــــــــــ 1969. Iranian nouns and names in Elamite Garb, Transactions of the Philological Society, 165-200.
Graf, D. F., 1994. The Persian Royal Road system, in: H. Sancisi- Weerdenburg & A. Kuhrt (eds.), Asian Minor and Egypt, old cultures in a new empire, Leiden, pp. 167- 189
Hallock, R., 1950. New light from Persepolis, Journal of Near Eastern Studies9 (4): 237- 252.
ــــــــــــــــ 1969. Persepolis fortification tablets (OIP 92), Chicago.
ــــــــــــــــ 1978. Selected fortification texts, CDAFI 8: 109-136.
ــــــــــــــــ 1985. The evidence of the Persepolis tablets, in: Ilya Gershievitch (eds.), the Cambridge History of Iran, volume II: The Median and Achaemenid periods. Cambridge, Cambridge University press, pp. 588- 609.
Henkelman, W.F.M., 2002. Exit der posaunenbläser: on lance-guards and lance-bearers in the Persepolis fortification archive,’ ARTA 2002.007.
ــــــــــــــــ 2008. The other Gods who are: studies in Elamite-Iranian acculturation based on the Persepolis fortification texts. Leiden.
ــــــــــــــــ 2013. Administrative realities: the Persepolis archives and the archaeology of the Achaemenid heartland, in: D. Potts (ed.), the Oxford handbook of the Anciant Iran, Oxford University Press, pp. 528- 546.
[forthcoming], Imperial signature and imperial paradigm: the Persepolis archives and the Persian Empire, in: W.F.M., Henkelman & B., Jacobs (eds.), the administration of the Achaemenid Empire – tracing the imperial signature (Classica et Orientalia); Wiesbaden.
Henkelman, W.F.M., & Stolper, M.W., 2009. Ethnic identity and ethnic labelling at Persepolis: the case of the Skudrians, in: P. Briant & M. Chauveau (eds.), Organisation des pouvoirs et contacts culturels dans lese pays de l’empire achéménide (Persika 14), Paris pp. 271-329.
Herzfeld, E.E., 1941. Iran in the Ancient East, London.
Hinz, W., & Koch, H., 1978. Elamisches Wörterbuch, 2 vols. (Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran Erg Bd. 17), Berlin.
Janković- Cysewski, B., 2008. Travel provisions in Babylonia in the first millennium BC, in: P., Briant, W. F. M., Henkelman, M. W., Stolper (eds.), Les archive des fortifications de Persépolis dans le contexte de l 'Empire achéménide et de ses prédécesseurs (Persika 12), Paris. pp. 429- 464.
Jones, C.E., and Stolper, M.W., 1986. Two late Elamite tablets at Yale’, in: De Meyer, Gasche and Vallat, (eds.), in "Fragmenta Historiae Elamicae" , Paris: Editions Recherche sur les civilisations, pp. 243-254.
ــــــــــــــــ (2008), How many Persepolis fortification tablets are there? in: P. Briant, W. Henkelman and M. Stolper, (eds.), l’archive des fortifications de Persépolis. etat des questions et perspectives de recherché, Paris pp. 27- 49.
Kessler, K., 1997. Royal roads and other questions of the Neo-Assyrian communication system, in: S. Parpola and R. M. Whiting (eds.), Assyria 1995: Proceedings of the 10th anniversary symposium of the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, Helsinki, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, Pp. 129-36.
Koch, H., 1986. Die Achämenidenzeit Poststraβe von Persepolis nach Susa, AMI 19: 133- 147.
Krefter, F., 1971. Persepolis Rekonstruktionen, Berlin.
Kuhrt, E., 2007. The Persian Empire: A corpus of sources from the Achaemenid period, (2 vols.) London.
Mayerhofer, M., 1971. Neuere Forschungen zum Altpersischen, in: DorumrIndogermanicum: Festgabe füb-Anton Scherer zum 70. Geburtstag, Heidelberg, pp. 41-66
ــــــــــــــــ (1979), Die altiranischen namen, Wien.
Naveh J., & Shaked Sh., 2012. Aramaic documents from ancient Bactria (Fourth Century BCE) from the Khalili Collections, London.
 Parpola, S., 1987. The correspondence of Sargon II, Part I: letters from Assyria and the west, State Archives of Assyria 1. Helsinki University Press.
 Root, M. C., 1990. (2008). The legible image: how did seals and sealing  matter in Persepolis?, in: P. Briant; W. Henkelman &   M. Stolper (eds.), l’archive des fortifications de Persépolis, etat  des questions et perspectives de recherches, Paris, (Persika 12), Paris; Pp. 87-14.
Schmidt, E., 1953. Persepolis, (vol. 1): structures, reliefs, inscriptions, Chicago.
Tavenier, J., 2008. Multilingualism in the fortification and treasury archives, in: P. Briant, W.F.M. Henkelman & M.W. Stolper (eds.), Les archives des fortifications de Persépolis dans le contexte de l’Empire Achéménide et de ses prédécesseurs, Actes du colloque organisé au Collège de France et au Centre de l'Université de Chicago à Paris, 3-4 Novembre 2006 (Persika 12 ), Paris pp. 59- 84.
Tuplin, C., 1998. The seasonal migration of Achaemenid kings, in: M. Brosius & A. Kuhrt (eds.), Achaemenid history XI: studies in Persian history, Essays in Memory of David M. Lewis Leiden, pp. 63- 114.
Vallat, F., 1994. Les noms géographiques des sources suso-élamites (RGTC 11 = Beih. TAVO B 7/11). Wiesbaden.
Whitehead, J. D., 1974. Early Aramaic epistolography: the Aršames correspondence, University of Chicago.
ــــــــــــــــ 1978. Some distinctive features of the language of the Aramaic Aršames correspondence, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 37 (2) Colloquium on Aramaic Studies (Apr., 1978), pp. 119-140.