Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Associate Professor, Department of Prehistoric Archaeology, Iranian Center of Archaeological Research, Research Inistitute of Cultural Heritage and Tourism.Terhan, Iran.

Abstract

The most important area that is directly related to the civilization of the Sind and the southern coastal countries of the Persian Gulf is the Makkoran. These three cultural areas have many cultural commonalities, especially in the third millennium BC. One of the cultural commonalities of material and spiritual expression is the burial in this period, which shows the same cultural identity in this part of the world. Death is the simplest reality of life, and the actions performed during burial a kind of concern for the fate of the dead. Burial is the ritual of separation from one world to another, and burial is a kind of commitment to the deceased as a member of society. Burial and related traditions are a reflection of the spiritual and ritual aspects of human cultures. Common similarities can be found among different cultures. One of the centers where these commonalities can be found is Dembukuh Cemetery. This cemetery Dambe Kouh is the largest cemetery and area that has been discovered in the southwestern tip of Iran. The area from the third millennium BC It has been established periodically until the Islamic period. The site should have close interactions with the cultural areas around it, especially the Sind Civilization, due to the data obtained from it. The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical and comparative and the basic and basic data required are obtained through field studies that include prospecting and surface-level surveys. The overall result is a homogeneous appearance of graves, a few graves and the use of graves in later periods. The most important area that is directly related to the civilization of the Sind and the southern coastal countries of the Persian Gulf is the Makkoran. These three cultural areas have many cultural commonalities, especially in the third millennium BC. One of the cultural commonalities of material and spiritual expression is the burial in this period, which shows the same cultural identity in this part of the world

Keywords

Main Subjects

Abdul Nayeem, M, 1992,  Bahrain. Hyderabad Publishers, Hyderabad (India).
Amiet, P, (1986), L'age des echanges inter-iraniens, 3500-1700 ay. J. C. Ministère de la culture et de la communication, Editions de la Réunion des musées nationaux. Paris.
Baghestani, Susan,2001, Investigation of lattice metal seals in East Iran, Central Asia and North China. Journal of Archeology and History. Thirteenth and fourteenth year. Nos. 1 and 2, consecutive issues 27, pp. 11-2, April. [in Persian].

Basafa, H, 2008, A New Perspective on Dambakoh Site in Southeast Iran.  Iranica Antiqua. Vol. 43, pp: 185-206.

Benton, J. N, 1996, Excavations at al-Sufouh: A Third Millennium Site in Emirate of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Turnhout: Abiel 1.
Bibby, G, 1970, Looking for Dilmun. New York: Praeger.
Blau, S, 2011, Fragmentary endings: a discussion of 3rd-millennium BC burial practices in the Oman Peninsula. Antiquity 75. pp: 557-570.
Böhme, M. & B. al Sabri, 2011, Umm an-Nar Burial 401 at Bat, Oman: Architecture and Finds. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 22. pp:113–154.
Bortolini, Eugenio. & Munoz, Olivia, 2012, Life and Death in Prehistoric Oman: Insights from Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Funerary Practices (4th - 3rd mill. BC). Proceedings of the Symposium THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE OF OMAN. Unesco Headquarters. Paris. pp: 61-80.
Carter, R. A, 1997, Defining the Late Bronze Age in Southeast Arabia: Ceramic Evolution and Settlement During the Second Millennium BC. London: Institute of Archaeology University College London. (Unpublished dissertation).
Casal. J.-M, 1961, Fouilles de Mundigak, MDAFA 17.
Cleuziou S. & Tosi, M, 2007, In the Shadow of the Ancestors: The Prehistoric Foundations of the Early Arabian Civilization in Oman. Al Nahda Printing Press, Muscat. Ministry of Heritage and Culture.
Cleuziou S., Méry, S. & Vogt, B, 2011, Protohistoire de l'oasis d'Al-Aïn, Travaux de la Mission archéologique française à Abou Dhabi (Emirats Arabes Unis). Les sépultures de l'âge du Bronze. Maison de l'Archéologie René Ginouvès-Nanterre, Abou Dhabi Authority. for Culture and Heritage, BAR International Series 2227, Oxford.
Cleuziou, S, 2007, Evolution towards complexity in a coastal desert environment: Early bronze Age in the Ja'alan, Sultanate of Oman. In: Kohler, T. and Van Der Leeuw, S. E. (eds.) The model-based archaeology of socionatural systems, School of American Research Press, Santa Fe. pp: 213- 231.
Cleuziou, S, 2008. “Chronology of Protohistoric Oman as seen from Hili”. In Costa. P. & M. Tosi (eds.) Oman Studies, IsIAO, Serie Orientale Roma, volume LXIII, Rome: 47-78.
Deadman, W, 2012, Interpreting Early Complexity in the Early Bronze Age Oman Peninsula: the archaeology and socio-political organisation of Umm an-Nar society (unpublished MA dissertation).
Frifelt, K, 1975, On Prehistoric Settlement and Chronology of the Oman Peninsula. East and West 25. pp:359–424.
Frifelt, K,1995,The Island of Umm an-Nar, Vol. 2. Aarhus: Jutland Archaeological Society Publications.
Goldsmid, F.J, 1867, Notes on Eastern Persia and western Beluchistan. Journal of the Royal Geographical society. 37. pp:269-297.
Goldsmid, F.J, Eastern Persia. London. 1876.
Grant, N. P, 1839, Journal of a Route through the western parts of Makran. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 5. pp: 328-342.
Gregoricka, L. A, 2013, Geographic Origins and Dietary Transitions During the Bronze Age in the Oman Peninsula. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 152. pp: 353-369.
Hakemi, Ali, Shahdad,1997, Archaeological Excavations of Bronze Age Center in Iran. IsMEO- Rome.
Hargreaves, H, 1981, Excavations in Baluchistan Sampur mound, Mastung and Sohr Damb, Nal. Cosmo Publications, New Delhi.
Harrison, J. V, 1941, Coastal Makran. Geographical Journal 97. pp: 1-17.
Hashemi  Zarajabad, Hassan; Shirazi, Ruhollah; Farzin, Saman and Zohourian, Maryam, 2014, New findings from stone burials in Makran, Iran (Nikshahr and Chabahar counties), Iranian Archaeological Research, Volume 4, Number 7, pp. 112-95, Autumn. [in Persian].
Hesari, Morteza, 2005, Culture of the Southeastern Basin of Iran. Culture of Halilrood and Jiroft, Tehran, National Museum of Iran, pp. 87-17. [in Persian].
 Hesari, Morteza, 2016, Speculation in order to determine the area and propose the privacy of Dembokooh area, Dashtiari section, Chabahar city, Zahedan, Archive of documents of the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of Sistan and Baluchestan Province (unpublished report). [in Persian].
Hessari, Morteza, 2017, Documentation and Classification Report of Dembekooh Cemetery, Tehran, Archive of Cultural Heritage Research Institute (unpublished report). [in Persian].
 Hiebert. F. & Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C, 1992, Central Asia and Indo-Iranian Borderlands. IRAN 30. pp:1-15.
Jarrige, J. F, 1984, Die Fruhesten Kulturen in Pakistan und ihre Entwicklung. In Vergessene stadte am Indus. Verlag philipp von zabern.
Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C. and Humphries J., 1967, “The cairn burial in southeastern Iran”. East and West 18. pp: 269-276.
Masson, V. M, 1988, Altyn-Depe. UMM 55, Philadelphia.[Ubers. von Maccon 1981a, urn einige Photos erganzt].
McSweeney, K., Mery, S. & al-Tikriti, W. Y, 2010, Results, limits and potential: burial practices and Early Bronze Age societies in the Oman Peninsula. In: Weeks, L. R. (ed.) Death and Burial in Arabia and Beyond: Multidisciplinary Perspective, Oxford. pp: 33- 43.
Méry, S, 2000, Les céramiques d‘Oman et l‘Asie moyenne. Une archéologie des échanges à l‘Âge du Bronze. CRA Monographies 23. Paris: CNRS.
Méry, S, 2010, Results, limits and potential: burial practices and Early Bronze Age societies in the Oman Peninsula. In Weeks L. (ed.) Death and Burial in Arabia and Beyond, BAR International Series 2107, Oxford. pp: 33-43.
 Moradi, Hossein and Sarhadi Dadian, Hossein, 2016, Preliminary Report on the Archaeological Survey of Southeast Saravan, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iranian Cultural Heritage Honors No. 2, Mir Abedin Kaboli Festival. By Morteza Hesari, Tehran, Cultural Heritage and Tourism Research Institute, pp. 199-175. [in Persian].
Nezafiti, Nima, 2017, Preliminary Report on Geological Archaeological Studies of the Region, Documentation and Classification Report of Dembekuh Cemetery. By Morteza Hesari, Tehran, Cultural Heritage Research Institute Archive (unpublished report). [in Persian].
Parker, A. G., Goudie, A. S., Stokes, S., White, K., Hodson, M. J., Kennet, D and Manning, M, 2006, A record of Holocene climate change from lake geochemical analyses in southeastern Arabia. Quaternary Research 66 (3). pp: 465-476.
Pottinger, H, 1816,Travels in Beloochistan and Sinde. London.
Potts, D. T., 1993. “The late Prehistoric, Protohistoric and early Historic periods in the eastern Arabia”. Worid Prehistory 7(2). pp: 163-212.
Potts, D. T., 2000. Ancient Magan, London, Trident press.
Potts, D. T., 2003. “Tepe Yahya, Tell Abraq and the Chronology of the Bampur sequence”. Iranica Antiqua 38. pp: 1-24. 
Rouse, L. & Weeks, L, 2011, Specialization and social inequality in Bronze Age SE Arabia: analyzing the development of production strategies and economic networks using agent-based modeling. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(7).pp: 1583-1590.
Sarlak, Siamak, 2020, Tom Sultan Miran (Roudan, Hormozgan): Remains of a Bronze Age site in the Persian Gulf, Persian Gulf 1 Cultural Heritage Articles Collection, Compiled and edited by: Morteza Hesari, Tehran, Publications of the Deputy Minister of Cultural Heritage, General Administration Bases; Persian Gulf and Makran Sea Base and Cultural Heritage and Tourism Research Institute, pp. 115-95. [in Persian].
 Seyyed Sajjadi, Seyyed Mansour, 1987, A Look at the Antiquities of Balochistan from the Beginning to Islam, Journal of Archeology and History. third year. Issue 1, Tehran, University Publishing Center, pp. 60-42, Spring. [in Persian].
 Shirazi, Ruhollah, 2010, Preliminary report of Chabahar city, Zahedan, Archive of documents of the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of Sistan and Baluchestan province (unpublished report). [in Persian].
Stein, A, 1937, Archaeological Reconnaissances in north –western India and south-Eastern Iran. London.
Talaei, Hasan, 2006, Bronze Age of Iran, Tehran, Samat Publications. [in Persian].
Thorvildsen, K, 1962, Gravroser pa Umm an-Nar. Kuml. pp: 191–219.
Tosi, M, 1989, Protohistoric Archaeology in Oman: the First Thirty Years (1956-1985). In: Costa, P. and Tosi, M. (eds). Oman Studies: Papers on the Archaeology and History of Oman, Serie Orientale Roma. pp: 135-161.
Vogt, B. & Frake-Vogt U, Shimal 1985-1986, excavations of the German Archaeological Mission in Ra’s al-Khaimah, U.A.E., 1987, A preliminary report. Berliner Beitrage zum Vorderen Orient, band 8, Berlin: Reimer.
Weeks, L, 1997, Prehistoric Metallurgy at Tell Abraq, UAE. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 8. pp: 11-85.
Weisgerber, G, 2007, Copper production as seen from Al-Moyassar-1. In: Cleuziou, S. & Tosi, M. eds. In the Shadow of the Ancestors: The Prehistoric Foundations of the Early Arabian Civilization of Oman. Oman: Ministry of Heritage and Culture, pp. 251–4.
Yarahmadi, Dariush, 2017, Geography of Chabahar city, Documentation and classification report of Dembekuh cemetery, by Morteza Hesari, Tehran, Archive of Cultural Heritage Research Institute (unpublished report).[in Persian].