روایت جدیدی از عصر مفرغ در جنوب دریای کاسپی براساس کاوش‌های محوطۀ قلعه‌بِن، ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 گروه باستان شناسی دانشکده میراث فرهنگی، صنایع دستی، گردشگری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران (نویسندۀ مسئول).

چکیده
بخش مرکزی منطقۀ جنوبی دریای کاسپی در طول هزارۀ سوم پیش‌ا میلاد به‌طور متراکم مسکونی بوده است. از دیدگاه باستان‌شناختی، درک این موضوع اهمیت دارد که محیط‌های سرسبز و حاصلخیز این منطقه از چه زمانی و به چه شیوه‌ای توانسته‌اند جمعیت‌های قابل‌توجهی را در دوران عصر مفرغ پشتیبانی کنند و جوامع ساکن در این ناحیه چگونه در طی هزارۀ سوم و دوم پیش‌ازمیلاد، ساختارهای جدید اجتماعی-اقتصادی را توسعه داده‌اند. محوطۀ قلعه‌بِن، یکی از محوطه‌های کلیدی عصر مفرغ در بخش مرکزی استان مازندران است که در سال ۱۳۹۷ مورد کاوش قرار گرفت. استقرار در این محوطه به دورۀ مس‌وسنگ متأخر، حدود ۳۲۰۰ پیش‌ازمیلاد، بازمی‌گردد و تا نیمۀ دوم هزارۀ دوم پیش‌ازمیلاد، حدود ۱۵۰۰ پیش‌ازمیلاد، تداوم داشته است. شواهد باستان‌شناختی حاصل از قلعه‌بِن نشان می‌دهد که این محوطه در عصر مفرغ یک سکونتگاه کاملاً یکجانشین و کشاورزی بوده که جمعیتی قابل‌توجه در آن زندگی می‌کرده‌اند. اقتصاد این جامعه بر ترکیبی از دامداری، شامل: پرورش گوسفند، بز، خوک و گاو و کشاورزی در مقیاس گسترده استوار بوده است. در چارچوب منطقه‌ای، جوامع این ناحیه در هزارۀ دوم پیش‌ازمیلاد پیچیدگی بیشتری پیدا کردند؛ شواهد این فرآیند را می‌توان در ظهور گورستان‌های بزرگ حاوی اشیائ مرتبط با جایگاه اجتماعی، توسعۀ نظام‌های جدید کشاورزی و شکل‌گیری شبکه‌های تجارت در مسافت‌های طولانی مشاهده کرد. کشت ارزن دم‌روباهی و ارزن جارویی چینی نشان‌دهندۀ ورود محصولات زراعی جدید و تحول در نظام اقتصادی کشاورزی این دوره است. برنامۀ پژوهشی در محوطۀ قلعه‌بِن نه‌تنها چارچوبی جامع برای گاهنگاری عصر مفرغ در دامنه‌های جنوبی و شمالی رشته‌کوه البرز فراهم می‌کند، بلکه امکان بازنگری در گاهنگاری چندین محوطۀ دیگر را که پیش‌تر براساس روش‌های نسبی تاریخ‌گذاری شده بودند نیز فراهم می‌سازد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله English

A new narrative of the Bronze Age along the Caspian Sea Based on Excavation ofGhal e–Ben, Iran

نویسندگان English

Hassan Fazeli Nashli 1
Mojtaba Safari 2
1 Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Department of Archeology, Faculty of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran (Corresponding Author).
چکیده English

The central part of the southern Caspian Sea region was densely inhabited during the third millennium BCE. From an archaeological perspective, it is important to understand when and how such lush environments supported large populations during the Bronze Age, and, how these communities developed new socio-economic structures during the third and second millennia BCE. Ghal e-Ben is one of the key Bronze Age sites in the central part of Mazandaran Province, excavated in 2019. The site’s occupation dates back to the Late Chalcolithic period (around 3200 BCE) and continued until the second half of the second millennium BCE (around 1500 BCE). Archaeological evidence from Ghal-e Ben indicates that during the Bronze Age, it was a fully sedentary agricultural settlement, inhabited by a large population whose economy was based on a combination of animal husbandry, including sheep, goat, pigs, and cattle, and large-scale farming. In a regional context, communities in the area became more complex during the second millennium BCE., as evidenced by the emergence of large cemeteries containing high-status burial goods, the development of new farming systems, and the establishment of long-distance trade networks. The cultivation of Chinese broomcorn and foxtail millet suggests the introduction of new crops and an evolving agricultural economy during this period. Our research program at the site of Ghal-e Ben not only provides a comprehensive chronological framework for the Bronze Age on both the southern and northern slopes of the Alborz Mountains, but also allows us to revise the chronology of several other sites that were previously dated using relative methods.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Caspian Sea, Bronze Age, Society Structures, Economy Structures, Ghal e–Ben site, Grey Ware, Caspian Black on Red Ware
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  • تاریخ دریافت 31 فروردین 1405
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