نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
- یاکوب کونان 1
- محمد اسماعیل اسمعیلی جلودار 2
- میخاییل انگل 3
- آلکس زومبرگ 4
- مهدی آذریان 5
- جبرئیل نوکنده 6
1 دانشگاه استرازبورگ، فرانسه.
2 گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران (نویسندۀ مسئول)
3 مدرسۀ علوم زمین، دانشگاه اوکلاهاما، امریکا.
4 گروه پژوهشی ژئوپارک، آمریکا.
5 گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.
6 پژوهشگاه میراث‌فرهنگی و گردشگری، تهران، ایران
چکیده
یکی از مهم‌ترین سفال‌های مورداستفاده در تجارت دریایی خلیج‌فارس (خاورمیانه) با بخش بزرگی از جهانِ باستان، ازجمله خلیج‌فارس، دریای عمان، اقیانوس هند، سریلانکا و درنهایت کشور تایلند (محمولۀ کشتی سورینام)، کوزۀ سفالی به‌نام سفالِ نوک اژدری‌شکل یا کوزۀ ذخیرۀ آذوقه است. اگرچه قدمت این نوع سفال را بیشتر محققین به دورۀ ساسانی منتسب می‌دانند، اما از دورۀ اشکانی تا صدر اسلام از این نوع خمره در تجارت دریایی و تدفین استفاده می‌شده است. مهم‌ترین ویژگی این نوع کوزه‌ها، پوشش قیر روی سطح داخلی آن است. تاکنون باستان‌شناسان موفق به یافتن کوره‌ای برای تولید این نوع سفال نشده‌اند؛ بنابراین اطلاع از محل تولید سفال و معدن قیر به‌کار رفته در آن‌ها بسیار حائز اهمیت است. در این پژوهش با استفاده از روش مطالعات آزمایشگاهی ژئوشیمیایی و مطالعۀ تطبیقی، نمونه‌های قیر برداشت‌شده از سفال نوک‌اژدری شکلِ جنوب و جنوب‌غرب ایران موردمطالعه و آزمایش قرار گرفت. در این تحقیق 15 قطعه سفال با پوشش قیر متعلق به کاوش‌های باستان‌شناسی بنادر سیراف و ماهروبان در سواحل خلیج‌فارس (جنوب ایران) مربوط به دورۀ ساسانی و اسلامی و نمونه‌هایی از منطقۀ شوش و شوشتر از دوران اشکانی و ساسانی برای برداشت قیر انتخاب شد. نمونۀ محوطۀ شوش از موزۀ ملی ایران و متعلق به کاوش‌های باستان‌شناسی منطقۀ شوش، نمونۀ ایوان‌کرخه مربوط به منطقۀ دزفول و نمونۀ منطقۀ دستوا نیز از منطقۀ شوشتر است. تمامی نمونه‌های قیر با هدف تعیین منشأ قیر در آزمایشگاه‌های تخصصی آن در اروپا و آمریکا مورد تجزیه و تحلیل ژئوشیمیایی قرار گرفت. نتیجۀ اصلی تحقیق استفاده از قیر چشمه‌های قیر استان‌های خوزستان، لرستان، ایلام و کرمانشاه را در سفال‌های موردمطالعه نشان می‌دهد. همچنین گاهنگاری نمونه‌ها با تکیه‌بر مستندات کاوش و بررسی باستان‌شناسی و مطالعات تطبیقی انجام و بازۀ زمانی شناسایی شده دورۀ الیمائی‌ها، اشکانیان، ساسانیان و صدر اسلام را نشان‌داد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Torpedo Jars of Iran: Context of Archaeological Discovery and Origin of the Bitumen Coating (Geochemical Analaysis)
نویسندگان [English]
- Jacques Connan 1
- Mohammad Esmaeil Esmaeili Jelodar 2
- Michael. H. Engel 3
- Alex Zumberge 4
- Mehdi Azarian 5
- Jebraeil Nokandeh 6
1 Université de Strasbourg, , France,
2 Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
3 School of Geosciences, The University of Oklahoma, USA.
4 Director, GeoMark Research Inc., 9748 Whithorn Drive, Houston, USA.
5 MA in Archaeology, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran.
6 Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and Tourism (RICHT), Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]
One of the most important potteries used in Persian Gulf (Middle East) maritime trade with a large part of the ancient world, including the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, the Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka, and finally the country of Thailand. (Suriname ship cargo) earthenware jar called Torpedo-jar or storage jar. Although this type of pottery was dated by most researchers to Sassanian era, this type was used in trade and burial from the Parthian period to early Islamic era or 3rd century BC to 9th century AD (Kennet, 2004: 85). The most important feature of these types of jars is the coating of bitumen on its inner surface. So far, archaeologists have not succeeded in finding a kiln for the production of this type of pottery, so it is very important to know the place of pottery production and the bitumen mine used in them. In this article, using the method of geochemical laboratory studies and a comparative study, the bitumen samples taken from the torpedo jars from the south and southwest of Iran were investigated. In this research, 15 pieces of pottery with tar coating belonging to the archaeological excavations of Siraf and Mahruban ports on the coast of the Persian Gulf (south of Iran), related to the Sassanid and Islamic period, and samples from Shush and Shushtra region from the Parthian and Sassanid periods were selected.The sample of the Susa area is from the Iran National Museum and belongs to the archaeological excavations of Susa region, the sample of Ivan-i Karkheh is related to the Dezful region, and the sample of the Dastova area is also related to the Shushtar region in Khuzestan province, southwest of Iran. All bitumen samples were analyzed geochemically with the aim of determining the origin of bitumen in its specialized laboratories in Europe and America. The main result of the research shows the use of bitumen from the bitumen springs of Khuzestan, Lorestan, Ilam and Kermanshah provinces in the studied pottery (Fig.1).
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Bitumen
- Torpedo Jar
- Sassanian
- Parthian
- Geochemical Analysis
- Carbon and Hydrogen Isotopes
- Steranes
- Terpanes
- Biomarkers
- Iran
- Persian Gulf
- Susa
- Siraf
- Mahruban
- Abuľl-Fidā, (1970). Taqvīm al-Boldān. Trans. Abdul Mohammad Ayati. Tehran: Foundation for Iranian Culture. (In Persian)
- Adams, R. Mc., (1970). “Tell Ab¯u Sar¯ıfa. A Sassanian-Islamic sequence from south Central Iraq”. Ars Orientalis, 8: 87-119.
- Al-Jeyhani, Abol-Q. ibn-A., (1989). Aškāl al-ʿAlam [Shapes of the World]. trans. Ali bin Abdol-Salam Kateb, annotated by Firuz Mansouri, Mashhad: Astan Quds Razavi Publications.vol.1 (In Persian).
- Al-Masʿūdī, A.-ibn al-Ḥ. ibn-ʿA., (1965). Murūj aḏ-Ḏahab wa-Maʿādin al-Jawhar (Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems). translated by Abolqasem Payandeh, (Tehran, Book Publishing and Translation Company, 1965).
- Anonymous, (1983). Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam minal-Mashriq ilá l-Maghrib. ed. Manuchehr Sotudeh. Tehran: Tahuri Library. (In Persian)
- Bakhtiari, H., (1974). Notes from the historical geography and archeology of Siraf, Bushehr. Publications of the General Department of Culture and Art of Bushehr Province, 1353)
- Bakhtiari, H., (1976). Archaeological excavations in Siraf, in the report of the fourth annual conference of archaeological excavations and researches in Iran. November 12-17, 1976, under the supervision of Firoz Bagherzadeh, Iran Archeology Center Publications, Tehran.
- Boucharlat, R. & Haerinck, E., (2011). Mémoires de la Délégation archéologique en Iran, Tome XXXV, Mission de Susiane. sous la direction de Roman Ghirshman, Membre de l’institut, tombes d’époque Parthe (Chantiers de la ville des artisans).
- Boucharlat, R., (avec la collaboration de J. Perrot et D. Ladiray), (1987). “Les niveaux post-achéménides à Suse, secteur nord. Fouilles de l’Apadana-Est et de la Ville Royale-Ouest (1973-1978)”. In: Cahiers de la Délégation Archéologique Française en Iran, 15: 145-311.
- Choksy, J. K. & Nematollahi, N., (2018). “The Middle Persian Inscription from a Shipwreck in Thailand: Merchants, Containers, and Commodities”. Digital Archive of Brief notes & Iran Review, 6, 2018 (ISSN: 2470 – 4040).
- Chosson, P., Lanau, C., Connan, J. & Dessort, D., (1991). “Biodegradation of refractory hydrocarbon biomarkers from petroleum under laboratory conditions”. Nature, 351: 640-642.
- Coningham, R., (2006). Anuradhapura. The British-Srilankan Excavation at Anuradhapura Salgaha Watta 2. Vol II: The Artifacts (British Archaeological Reports International Series 1508). Archaeopress. Oxford Coningham, R. & C. Batt
- Coningham, R. & Batt, C., (1999). “Dating the sequence”. in: R. Coningham, Anuradhapura. The British- Srilankan Excavation at Anuradhapura Salgaha Watta 2. Vol I: The Site (British Archaeological Reports International Series 824): 125-31. Archaeopress. Oxford.
- Connan, J., Engel, M. H., Jackson, R. B., Priestman, S., Vosmer, T. & Zumberge, A., (2021).” Geochemical Analysis of Two samples from Jars Discovered on Muhut and Masirah Islands (Oman)”. Separations, 8: 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations810018
- Connan, J., Adelsberger, K. A., Engel, M. & Zumberge, A., (2022). “Bitumen from Tell Yarmuth (Israel) from 2800 BCE to 1100 BCE: A unique case history for the study of degradation effects on the Dead Sea bitumen”. Organic Geochemistry, 168: 104392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2022.104392.
- De Cardi, B., (1975). “Archaeological survey in Northern Oman, 1972”. East and West, 25: 9-75.
- Finster, B. & Schmidt, J., (1976). “Sasanidische und fruhislamische Ruinen im Iraq”. Baghdader Mitteilungen, 8: 7-169.
- -Esmaeili Jelodar, M. E., (2009). “Report of the second seasons of archaeological exploration in the ancient port of Siraf”. Tehran, Iranian Center for archaeological Research (I.C.A.R). (Unpublished, in Persian).
- Esmaeili Jelodar, M. E., (2010). “The commercial relationship between the northern and southern ancient ports of the Persian Gulf in the Islamic period until the 5th century AH (based on the archaeological surveys and excavations of the central coasts of the northern part of the Persian Gulf)”. Tehran, University of Tehran, Doctoral Thesis, Supervisor: Dr. Haydeh Laleh.
- Esmaeili Jelodar, M. E., (2021). Archaeological Research of the Persian Gulf, Ancient Port of Siraf. Tehran: Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and Tourism, The first edition, 2016 (in Persian).
- Esmaeili Jelodar, M. E. & Mortezae, M., (2013). “Re-identifying the location of the ancient port of Mahruban on the Persian Gulf and its preliminary chronology based on an analysis of writing evidence and excavations”. Archaologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, 45: 325-348.
- Finster, B. & Schmidt, J., (1976). “Sasanidische und fruhislamische Ruinen im Iraq”. Baghdader Mitteilungen, 8: 7-169.
- -Gasche, H., 2009. “SUSA i. EXCAVATIONS’’. In: Encyclopedia Iranica. By the effort of: Ehsan Yarshater. Originally Published: July 20, 2009, Last Updated: July 20, 2009. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/susa COM_11581?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-iranica-online&s.q=susa#COM-698
- Gaube, H., (1981a). Arrajan and Kohgiluyeh (from the Arab conquest to the end of the Safavid period). translated by Saeed Farhoudi, Tehran: Association of National Works and Honors, first edition, Tehran. [in Persian].
- Gaube, H., (1981b). Arragan/Kuh-Giluyeh. Eine südpersische Provinz von der arabischen Eroberung bis zur Safawidenzeit. (= Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Denkschrift. 107. Band). Wien 1973. (Dissertation, Persische Übersetzung, Tehran 1981).
- Gyselen, R. & Gasche, H., (1994). “Suse et Ivān-e Kerkha, Capitle provinciale d’Ērānxwarrah-Šāpūr. Note de géographie historique sassanide”. Studia Iranica, 23: 19-35.
- Ibn Balkhi, (1995). Fársnáma of Ibnu’l-Balkhí (Based on G. Le Strange and R.A. Nicholson edition). Annotated by: Mansur Rastgar Fasaie. Shiraz: Foundation for Fars studies. (In Persian)
- Ibn Faqih, A. A.-ibn I. H., (1970). Tarikh-e Goghrafiya’i-ye Iran, Tarjomey-ye Mukhtasar al-Buldan/Geographical History of Iran: Translation of Mukhtasar al-Buldan. Trans. H. Mas’ud. Tehran: Foundation of Iranian Culture. (In Persian)
- Ibn Ḥawqal, M. Abū’l-Q., (1966). Ṣūrat al-’Arḍ. [ar], (صورة الارض; “The face of the Earth”), Trans. Jafar Shu’ar. Tehran: Bonyad-e Farhang-e Iran (In Persian).
- Ibn Rusta Iṣfahānī, A., (1986). Kitāb al-A‘lāq al-Nafīsa (Arabic: کتاب الأعلاق النفیسة, Book of Precious Records) Translated and edited by Dr. Hossein Qarachanlou. (Tehran, Amirkabir Publishing House, 1986)
- Istakhri or Eṣṭaḵrī, Abū-E. I. ibn.M. al-F., (1994). Masālik al-Mamālik (مسالک الممالک, “Routes of the Realms” or Ketāb al-masālek wa’l-mamālek, کتاب المسالک والممالک “Book of roads and kingdoms”) trans. Mohammad ibn Sa’d ibn Abdullah Tostari. ed. Iraj Afshar. (Literary and Historical Series by Dr. Mahmud Afshar Fund, Vol. 52. (In Persian)
- Kempthorne, G. B., (1837). “On the ruins at Tahrie”. Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society, 1: 294–95.
- Kempthorne, G. B., (1856). “A narrative of a visit to the ruins of Tahrie, the supposed site of the ancient city of Siraff, also an account of ancient commerce of the Gulf of Persia, etc”. Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society, 8 (New Issue, 1856-57): 125-40.
- Kennet, D., (2004), Sasanian and Islamic Pottery from Ras al-Khaimah, Classification, chronology and analysis of trade in the Western Indian Ocean. Oxford, BAR Int. Ser. 1248.
- Kervran, M. & Hiebert, F., (1991). “Sohar pré-Islamique. Note stratigraphique”. In: K. Schippman, A. Herling & J.-F. Salles (eds.), Golf - Archäologie: Mesopotamien, Iran, Bahrain, Vereinigte Arabische Emirate und Oman, Internationale Archäeologie, 6: 337-348.
- Khakzad. S., (2012). “SIRAF ARCHAEOLOGICAL”. REPORT in Sasanika Archaeology, 5: 2012. https://sites.uci.edu/sasanika/2012-2/
- Khakzad, S., (2015). “Maritime Aspects of Medieval Siraf, Iran: a pilot project for the investigation of coastal and underwater archaeological remains”. NAUTICAL ARCHEAOLOGY, 44 (1): 1-19
- Khosrowzadeh, A., (2011). “Commercial and economic centers and routes of the Parthian and Sasanian periods in the Persian Gulf based on the archaeological data obtained from the excavations and surveys conducted in the Strait of Hormuz and the southern coasts of the Persian Gulf”. Doctoral dissertation of Tarbiat Modarres University (Unpublished, in Persian).
- Khosrowzadeh, A. & Aali, A., (2005). “Definition, classification and typology of Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian era pottery (Mianab plain) in the archaeological Surveys of Mianab plain, Shushtar”. Edited by Abbas Moghadam. With the contribution of a group of authors. Iranian Center for Archeological Research and Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization (in Persian).
- Lamb, A., (1964). “A visit to Siraf”. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 37: 1-9.
- Lambourn, E., (2022). “Sweet Water on the Sea Route to China: Watering Stops and Torpedo-Jar Capacities in Long-Distance Indian Ocean Sailing”. In: Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā, vol. 30, Published 2022-09-13. https://doi.org/10.52214/uw.v30i.9320
- Lischi, S. & Eleonora Odelli, Jhashree L. Perumal, Jeannette J. Lucejko, Erika Ribechini, Marta Mariotti Lippi, Thirumalini Selvaraj, Maria Perla Colombini and Simona Raneri, 2020. ’’Indian Ocean trade connections: characterization and commercial routes of torpedo jars’’. Heritage Science, 8:76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-020-00425-9
- Masoumi, Gh., (2004). Siraf (Bandar Taheri). Publications of the Society of Cultural Artifacts and Prominences, Society for the National Heritage of Iran, Tehran.
- McKirdy, D. M., Aldridge, A. K. & Ypma, P. J. M., (1983). “A geochemical comparison of some crude oils from pre-Ordovician carbonate rocks”. in: Advances in Organic Geochemistry (eds Bjorøy, M. et al.): 99–107, Wiley, Chichester.
- Mohammadifar, Y., (2014). Sassanid Archeology and Art. Tehran: The Organization for Researching and Composing University textbooks in the Islamic sciences and the Humanities or SAMT, 1394. (in Persian).
- Morier, J., (1812). A Journey through Persia, Armenia and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, the Years 1808 and 1809 in which is Included, some Account of the Proceedings of His Majesty’s Mission. Under Sir Harford Jones, Bart. K.C. to the Court of the King of Persia. Longman, Hurst, Rees & Orme: London.
- Muqaddasī, Abu-A. M. ibn-A., (2006). Ahsan at-Tāqāsīm fi Ma’refat al-AqŪlim. Trans. Ali Naghi Monzavi, Kumesh Publications. 1st Edition. (In Persian).
- Pezard, M., (2005). Mission A Bender- Bouchir (report of excavations and archaeological studies). Paris: Mission Archéologique De Perse. Tome XV, Trans.Seyyed Zia Mosleh, Explanations and comments by Gholam Hossein Nizami, Boushehr. Shoroua.
- Qubaidiani Marvazi, (1984). N.K. Qubaidiani Marvzi, Safarna ˉme-ye Naser Khosrow Tehran, (in Persian).
- Rahbar, M., (1997). Archaeological excavations in Gelalak Shushtar, in the memorandum of the Shush Archaeological Meeting. Tehran, Iran’s Cultural Heritage Organization, 175-209.
- Rahbar, M., (2003). “Report of the first seasons of the archaeological excavations of educational archeology in Dastova, Shushtar”. Iranian Center for Archeological Research, (unpublished).
- Rahbar, M., (2004). “Report of the second seasons of the archaeological excavations of educational archeology in Dastova, Shushtar”. Iranian Center for Archeological Research, unpublished).
- Ravaisse, P., (1914). “Tombe de Mahmoūyah le Sīrāfien”. In: M. Pezard (ed.) Mission à Bander - Bouchir. Documents Archéologiques et Épigraphiques. Publications de la Mission Archéologique de Perse, Délégation en Perse, Mémoires 15, Paris: 98-99.
- Sandstrom, M. W. & Philp, R. P., (1984). “Biological marker analysis and stable carbon isotope composition of oil seeps from Tonga”. Chemical Geology, 43: 167-180.
- Sarfaraz, A. A., (1969). “The historical city of Dastova in Shushtar, in Journal of Bastanshenasi va Honare Iran”. Iran’s Journal of Archeology and Art, 4: 73-79.
- Sarfaraz, A. A., (2004). “Kangan city archeological survey report”. Iranian center for archeological research (In Persian, unpublished).
- Schwartz, P., (2003). Goghrafiya-ye Tarikhi-ye Fars/Historical Geography of Fars. Trans. Keikavus Jahandari. Tehran: Tehran University Press. (In Persian).
- Seifert, W. K. & Moldowan, J. M., (1979). “The effect of biodegradation on steranes and terpanes in crude oils”. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 42: 77-95.
- Seifert, W. K., Moldowan, J. M. & Demaison, G. J., (1984). “Source correlation of biodegraded oils”. Organic Geochemistry, 6: 633-643.
- Semsar, M. H., (Undated). Joghrafiyaye Tarikhi Siraf. Tehran: Anjoman Asar va Mafakhere Farhanghi Iran.
- Smith, M. C. & Wright, H. T., (1988). “The Ceramics from Ras Hafun in Somalia: notes on a classical maritime site”. Azania, 23: 115-41.
- Stein, S. M. A., (1937). Archaeological Reconnaissance’s in North-Western India and South-Eastern Īrān. MacMillan & Co: London.
- Stern, B., Connan, J., Blakelock, E., Jackman, R., Coningham, R.A. & Heron, C., (2007). “From Susa to Anuradhapura: reconstructing aspects of trade and exchange in bitumen-coated ceramic vessels between Iran and Sri Lanka from the third to the ninth centuries AD”. Archaeometry, 50: 409–28.
- Stiffe, A. W., (1895). “Ancient trading centers of the Persian Gulf. I. Siraf”.Geographical Journal, 6: 166-173.
- Sūleymān (e Tājir) and Abū-Z. H. S., (2002). Selsela al Tavarikh Or Akhbar o Al Sin Va al Hend. Trans. Hosain Gharachanloo. Tehran, Asatir Publication. (In Persian).
- Tomber, R., (2007). “Rome and Mesopotamia – importers into India in the first millennium AD”. Antiquity, 81: 972–988. Published online by Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00096058
- Vandenberghe, L., (2000). Archeology of Ancient Iran. with an introduction by Roman Ghirshman, trans. Dr. Isa Behnam, 3 Edition, Tehran: Tehran University Press. [Persian Translation].
- Wenke, R. J., (1976). “Imperial Investment and Agricultural Development in Sasanian Khuzestan 105 BC. to 546 AD.”. Mesopotamia, X-XI: 31-217.
- Whitehouse, D., (1968). “Excavations at Siraf, first interim report”. Iran, VI: 163-164.
- Whitehouse, D., (1969). “Excavations at Siraf, second interim report”. Iran, VI: 182-184.
- Whitehouse, D., (1970). “Excavations at Siraf, third interim report”. Iran, VIII: 189-190.
- Whitehouse, D., (1971). “Excavations at Siraf, fourth interim report). Iran, IX: 176-177.
- Whitehouse, D., (1972). “Excavations at Siraf, fifth interim report). Iran, X: 63-88
- Whitehouse, D., (1974). “Excavations at Siraf, sixth interim report). Iran, XII: 1-30. Published by Taylor & Francis Ltd.
- Whitehouse, D., (2009). Siraf; History, Topography and Environment. with contributions of Donalds Whitcomb and T.J. Wilkinson. (B.I.P.S, Oxford).
- Wijayapala, W. & Prickett, M., (1986). Sri Lanka and the international trade: an exhibition of ancient imported ceramics found in Sri Lanka’s archaeological sites. Archaeological Survey Department, Colombo.
- Wilson, A., (1942). South West Persia: A Political Officer’s Diary 1907-1914. London.
- Yāghūt, al-Hamavī, (1983). Argozide-ye Mushtarak-e Yāghūt Hamavī/ A Selection of Yāghūt Hamavī’s al-Mushtarik. Trans. Parvin Gonabadi. Tehran: Amirkabir Publications. (In Persian).
)