Journal of Archaeological Studies

Investigating the Post Depositional Processes of Tepe Ferizi in the Sabzevar Plain

Hadi Sabori; Hasan Talai; Omran Garazhian

Volume 6, Issue 2 , March 2015, , Pages 91-111

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.54176

Abstract

The analysis of natural and cultural factors in the contexts of an archeological site would reveal the processes constituting the event of settlement after the formation of cultural ... Read More

Preliminary Reports of the Second Season of Excavation at Kul Tepe Hadishahr, North West Iran

Akbar Abedi

Volume 8, Issue 1 , April 2016, , Pages 91-111

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2016.59497

Abstract

The site of Kul Tepe is located near the city of Hadishahr, is an ancient multi-period tell about 6ha in extent and rises 19m above the surrounding land. At this site, the ... Read More

Determine the Function and Design of Architectural and Astronomical Observatory Discovered in the Maragheh

javad shekari niri

Volume 8, Issue 2 , March 2017, , Pages 91-109

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2017.61771

Abstract

Based on excavations of the destroyed The Maragheh Observatory it appears to be some circular plan foundations with no architectural evidences. It also seen that the Spatial and formal ... Read More

Faryomad and the Great Mosque

Moahmmad Ebrahim Zarei

Volume 3, Issue 2 , February 2012, , Pages 93-128

Abstract

At present, Faryomad is one of the valleys in Mayami County from Shahrood City that is situated at the eastern part of Semnan Province (Iran). According to Hamdolah Mostofi, a historian, ... Read More

Settlement Pattern Study of Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Sites From The Southeastern Margin of Malayer Plain

Majid Sarikhani; Mahmood Heydarian; parvaneh Ahmad tajari

Volume 9, Issue 1 , August 2017, , Pages 93-112

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2017.64007

Abstract

Central Zagros and its eastern regions have relatively a favorable environmental condition for the formation of ancient settlements. One of these regions is Malayer intermountain plain ... Read More

Decorative Stucco of Mir-e-Zobeire Mausoleum of Sirjan and its Attribution to the Kermanid Artists.

Zahra Rashednia; ahmad salehikakhki; Bahareh Taghavinejad

Volume 10, Issue 1 , August 2018, , Pages 95-114

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2018.221865.142359

Abstract

The Mausoleum of Mir-e-Zobeir, in the village of Sharif Abad in Sirjan, has beautiful decorative embellishments, such as a mihrab, inscriptions, arcades, squinches, and so on. So far, ... Read More

Elemental Analysis of Elymais Coins from the Private Museum of Mohammad Saffar by PIXE Method

Behzad Hosseini Sarbisheh; Hamzeh Ghobadizadeh; AliAsghar Salahshour; Mahdi Jahed; Mousa Sabzi

Volume 11, Issue 1 , May 2019, , Pages 95-111

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.71100

Abstract

In this paper we have studied bronze and silver coins belonging to the Elymaean using PIXE analytical method to identify concentration of elements as well as chemical composition of ... Read More

The Chinese Ceramics Unearthed from the Site of Jahan Nama Palace

Hakimeh Razeghi Mansor; Ran Zhang; Bagher Soljo; Bin Chen; Guangyao Wang

Volume 12, Issue 4 , May 2021, , Pages 95-116

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2021.323643.143019

Abstract

As an important type of ancient artwork, the Chinese blue and white porcelain entered Iran through the artists and merchants during the Safavid era (1501–1736 AD), and it strongly ... Read More

Early Bronze Age Administrative Organization of Chogha Maran, the Mahidasht: A Hypothesis

Ali Khayani; Kamaleddin Niknami

Volume 11, Issue 2 , October 2019, , Pages 97-116

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.73101

Abstract

This paper will suggest a hypothesis about the Early Bronze Age administrative organization of Chogha Maran and the Mahidasht in the West Central Zagros based on administrative evidence ... Read More

Coining in the Greek State of Bactria from Beginning to Decline

Nematollah Alimohammadi; Moharram Bastani

Volume 5, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 99-112

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2014.50397

Abstract

Coin and coining as civilization indices have undergone many changes and development. It has been argued that the economic and political positions of states have always affected not ... Read More

Influence of Ornamental Motifs of the Sassanid Period on the Ornamentation of the Vegetable-Islamic Painting of the Mosques of Al-e Buya: Case Studies of the Paintings of the Georgiere Mosque, Nain Mosque, and Zawarrah Mosque

hamidreza jansooz; Bita Sodaei

Volume 13, Issue 2 , September 2021, , Pages 107-128

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.292326.142805

Abstract

Ideology and worldview of societies have noticeable impact on artistic arrays formation. In Islamic Art, Plant motifs have a special place and they have a large part of the ornamentation. ... Read More Ideology and worldview of societies have noticeable impact on artistic arrays formation. In Islamic Art, Plant motifs have a special place and they have a large part of the ornamentation. Most of these motifs have symbolic meanings in religious places. Ancient Iranian considered these motifs to be mythological and sacred. These motifs have continued in the Islamic period. Āl-e Būya rise to power alongside Islamic-Shiite ideas witnesses the rise and fall of Sassanian thought in the art of this period. The artwork created in this context reflects the beliefs of the pre-culture era which have become symbolic. Cognitive elements that have formed these insights could be identified by using the iconology method and social study in researches at the same time. The research study seeks to express the concepts hidden in the plant motifs used in the art of the Āl-e Būya era, and the influence of the pre-Islamic thought and art to identify the religious beliefs of this period. The main question of the research is about the quiddity and essence of technical and visual similarities and differences of floral images in the art of early Islam and pre-Islamic art. The question are as follows: what are the most important motifs and subjects transferred from the paintings of the Sassanid period to the architectural works of Āl-e Būya mosque? What factors have led to the transfer of symbols from the Sassanid period to the Āl-e Būya era? The aim of this research is to study and represent Iranian symbols in the emergence of motifs and their application in Islamic art. This article has been done by Descriptive-analytical with a semiotic approach has examined the process of the formation of Islamic motifs. The results indicate that the motifs used in the ornamentation of the Islamic period in Āl-e Būya mosques are influenced by the role of the Sassanid themes so that we can see Iranian attitudes and beliefs in the formation of Plant-Islamic paintings of these mosques. Along with this influence, the formation of Islamic culture has created abstract motifs by a Muslim artist.

Mughan Steppe in Sassanian Period

Karim Alizadeh

Volume 1, Issue 1 , January 2009, , Pages 109-117

Abstract

During last few years, three seasons of excavations at the Ultan Qalasi, one season of stratigraphy in Nadir tepesi and a short season of survey in Mughan Steppe enriched our knowledge ... Read More

Analysis of Neolithic Chipped Stones of South Lut and their Comparative Study with Southern Zagros Industries

Maryam Shakouei; Omran Garazhian; Rahmat Abbasnejad Seresti; Mohammad Ghamari Fatideh

Volume 14, Issue 2 , September 2022, , Pages 111-132

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.305941.142899

Abstract

Artifacts recovered from the Bam surface survey and Tal Atashi excavations, as well as Kerman's discoveries, have sometimes been compared to the Neolithic industries of Balochistan, ... Read More

Archaeological Survey and Analysis the Settlements of Hamedan Plain from the Beginning of the Islamic Period to the end of Safavid Period

Mohammad Shabani; Maryam Mohammadi

Volume 12, Issue 3 , December 2020, , Pages 117-141

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.272876.142661

Abstract

The Hamadan-Bahar Plain has been one of the most important center for human societies in the various periods, especially in the Islamic Period. The archaeological explorations of this ... Read More The Hamadan-Bahar Plain has been one of the most important center for human societies in the various periods, especially in the Islamic Period. The archaeological explorations of this plain was done in the years of 2006 and 2009. But for study and analyze the settlement pattern the Islamic Period and for answer to questions such as, what have been the most important factors for the formation of Islamic Period sites in the Hamedan Plain? And the main volume of Islamic settlements in the Hamedan Plain were have been related to which century of the Islamic period? this plain was reviewed in the year of 2015. The main purpose of this review is to identify the settlement patterns of Islamic sites in the Hamedan plain based on the review of identified sites. In this study, which was conducted in the field study and in the form of a marching, 14 sites were reviewed and 2 newly sites were discovered in the study area. In order to better understand the settlement patterns, spatial information of sites was entered in the GIS and then analyzed. Due to the importance of the position of pottery data in the relative chronology of a region, after studying the typology of pottery and recognizing the types of special pottery products, it was found that the Islamic sites of Hamedan Plain are scattered based on two factors: first fertile lands and second caravan routes. The presence of defensive features in some of the sites which adjacent to the caravan routes indicates the importance of this issue in the distribution of sites. In addition, the influence of significant sites such as Hegmataneh site as the central settlement of this plain in the Islamic period has been effective on a number of sites around it. The lowlands, north of the Alvand Mountain is one of the middle plain in the central Zagros Mountain which in the past was known as Hamedan Plain and today is known as Hamedan-Bahar Plain. (Figure 1). Archaeological studies show that the Hamedan-Bahar Plain with about 880 square kilometers has been one of the most important centers for the establishment of human societies in the prehistoric and historical periods. Studies on prehistoric and historical sites have clarified the course of human cultures of this plain during that periods, However, the lack of sufficient attention to the sites of the Islamic period and the findings related to this period have left many archeological angles of this period unknown. The archaeological explorations of this plain has been done in the years of 2006 and 2009. (Mohammadifar and Motarjem, 2006; Balmaky and Motarjem, 2009). During these studies, a large number of discovered sites have been introduced as sites of the Islamic period. The Intended plain in the form of a master's thesis, was reviewed in form of field study in the summer of 2015 for the aim of studying and analyzing the settlement patterns of the Islamic sites (in the time period from the beginning of the Islamic period to the end of the Safavid period) and to answer the questions such as; what have been the most important factors for formation of the Islamic Period sites in the Hamedan Plain? And the main volume of Islamic settlements in the Hamedan Plain were have been related to which century of the Islamic period? Due to insufficient attention to the artifacts and findings of the Islamic period, especially pottery in the surveys of previous years, out of about 50 identified sites, that were introduced as Islamic sites, only 14 sites had cultural artifacts belong to this period. During this review, two other newly Islamic sites discovered and a total of 16 sites were introduced as sites of the Islamic period. for better understand the settlement patterns, spatial information of sites such as; Geographical location, geological features, altitude, shape, area, access to water resources, access to the routes, etc. were entered in the GIS and then analyzed. Based on these studies, the Islamic sites of Hamedan-Bahar plain were divided into six groups (Figure 2). The first and second groups are related to sites that have been completely destroyed, due to the invasion of agricultural lands or relatively large amount of residential area, and very little evidence of these sites remains today. The third group are the sites, that are less than 10 meters high and less than one-hectare area. The next group is related to sites, that are more than 10 meters high and their areas are less than one-hectare. The sites of this group, like the previous group, do not have a clear and orderly shape. The fifth group is related to sites which have more than 10 meters high and have an area of more than one-hectare to 10 hectares. The shape of this group of sites is geometrically regular, such as squares and rectangles (Figure 7). In the survey of these sites the evidence of defensive fortifications has been seen. The last group is related to sites, that are more than 10 meters high and more than 10 hectares in area. (Table 1). The only settlement of this group is the Hegmataneh/Hamedan Mound, with an area of more than 34 hectares which is considered as the settlement center of the plain. The studies have shown that the sites of groups three and four, around 75% of the total identified sites, dedicated to themselves which are located in the area with very fertile land and often located next to a site with an area of more than one hectare and there are specific defense structures. (Figure 3 and 4). These sites are most likely belong to very small villages that are directly related to the surrounding agricultural lands to be affected by large sites that have a defensive structure. The sites with a defense structure, which are often more than one hectare, are located next to the entrance of caravan routes into the plain. (Figure 7). The existence of sites with defense structures inside the plain, in addition to emphasizing the importance of the transit position of the region, has also shown the existence of insecurity. Based on the analysis of spatial information, the Islamic sites of the Hamadan-Bahar plain are scattered based on two factors: fertile lands and caravan routes and the presence of defensive features in some of the settlements along the caravan routes, shows the importance of this issue in the distribution of sites. The collected pottery was carefully analyzed and their typological studies were carried out with well-known centers sites of the Islamic period. During the study more than 20 types of pottery were identified (Table 2). The discovery of a large amount of evidence of the production of pottery, welding furnaces and metal and glass ornaments of the Islamic period in the Zino-abad shows that this site and Hegmataneh/Hamedan were used as an industrial site in the Islamic period and most probably their products were exported to other sites. Existence of similar species of pottery from large known pottery centers such as the Sultanabad and Soltanieh with local products of the plain, most probably the pottery of these centers transported to the Hamedan region through known routes. According to the pottery data, all the Islamic sites studied have several settlement periods. It seems that the arrival of the Arabs in this region did not have much effect on the continuity of settlement, because the first centuries of the Islamic pottery was found in almost all the studied sites. More than 56% of the sites were inhabited between the 4th and 7th centuries AH. It seems that the region from the beginning of the fourth century AH with the rise of local governments such as the Buyid dynasty and especially from the second half of the fourth century during the Seljuk period, the goal of many economic reforms were to provide livelihood. The importance of the region in this period is such that Hamedan has been chosen as the capital for several years since the Seljuk period. After this period, despite devastating the Mongol invasions of this region, about 62% of the plains were inhabited. It seems that in this period, despite the negative effects of the Mongol invasions, due to the presence of high-ranking people, life in the region has flourished. With the savage invasions of the Timurid period and the conflicts of the Aq Qoyunlu and Kara Koyunlu dynasty in this region between the early 8th century and the early 10th century AH, many settlements were reduced to less than 19%. During this period many of the settlements that flourished in the previous period were abandoned forever. This trend is also seen with less intensity in the Safavid period. In this period, despite the relative attention to the Hamedan and possibly the surrounding areas, the settlement patterns of the plain do not change much compared to the previous period

A Critical Review Towards the Mithraic Function of the So-Called Mihr-Temple at Maraghe

Behrooz Omrani; Amin Moradi

Volume 13, Issue 1 , July 2021, , Pages 117-138

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.298298.142853

Abstract

By selecting northwestern Iran as the early capital of Ilkhanid dynasty, Mongol rulers governed this area for about one century; this would have been the official route of administration ... Read More By selecting northwestern Iran as the early capital of Ilkhanid dynasty, Mongol rulers governed this area for about one century; this would have been the official route of administration and communication between Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, northeastern China, and Iran. Although the period of 1256-1335 is seen as the era of cultural interventions from Mongolia and Inner Mongolia into the northwestern Iran (Moradi and Omrani 2020), the architectural influences during Mongols' dominion has been less considered by the scholars. In this way, recent archaeological developments related to these regions have begun to shed new lights on recognizing spatial relations and the applications of Ilkhanid sites in northwestern Iran (Moradi and Omrani, 2019). In the outskirts of Maraghe lies the site of an underground structure known as the Mithraeum also the Imamzade Masum. This building has occupied archaeologists some of whom suggested that the architecture of this monument served as a Mithraeum and/or monasteries imported by the pre-Islamic dynasties in Iran (Shekari Niri, 2006). From an architectural point of view, this monument has three accessible areas: a main space surrounded by four domed chambers; a four-domed hall with a pillar in its center and a set of three long chambers some one hundred meters away. A parallelogram-shaped opening with a rough semi-circular roof and a single step of masonry blocks crosses into the central chamber. On the south of the main chamber is a large square-roofed alcove. The alcove leads to a little cavity that contains two niches. A second access to the largest domed room leads through an opening on the southern end of the east wall of the chamber via a passageway. The domed chamber has a remarkably well-preserved ceiling faceted in the Ilkhanid stylistic style. Each fact is a square or triangle and only one facet has any decoration left on it. It sounds that the calligraphic artwork of the rectangular hall was left incomplete and possibly brought to an abrupt halt (Azad, 2010). According to the gross fabric of the pillar hall which is made owing to a precipitate process of carving in compare with the other sections, it could be concluded that this part has been added during the recent renovations of this structure (Moradi and Omrani, 2019: 90). By highlighting the word "Butkhana" (i.e. a place of Buddha or idols) in the primary sources, other scholars believe that here could be marked as a Buddhism Temple (Azad, 2010). Varjavand's studies were among the prior investigations about these units. According to his conclusion and without any sufficient documentations, this underground complexes date back to a period belonging to the prehistoric settlements, reused as a Mithraeum during historic era and renovated as a religious complex with the application of mosque and convent during the Islamic ages (Varjavan 1972). It is argued that Mongol conquest of Iran indeed has an architectural legacy; it also sets the models of elite architecture of the steppe which were particularly relevant to the religious architecture, carried on during the early phases of Mongol triumphs. According to the results, the combination of a corridor leading to one or more chambers is not entirely random in the so-called Mihr Temple of Maraghe but also shares an exact assimilation of those in Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and northeastern China (Moradi and Omrani, 2020). Using analytical expository study of the architectural evidences from Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and northeastern China, this paper is aimed to categorize the identity of similar structures in northwestern Iran as the same imported architectural heritage from these areas. It is well documented that Mongols′ monarchy in the thirteen and fourteenth centuries fostered the direct exchange of ideas and practices between diverse cultures and religions. Scholars have evaluated the damage and the benefits brought by the Mongols to the Islamic world in military, religion, politics, economy, and culture fields (Bayani, 191: 87). It cannot be said that the Mongols, who lived in clans under hereditary leadership at the beginning of the twelfth century, were prepared for controlling the enormous territory that they had conquered. Nevertheless, the Mongols succeeded in creating a novel administrative system; they maintained some of the practices of the people of the steppes such as sharing out-of-subject people among the members of the imperial family, adding the elements of Chinese administrative practice. They also used the experience of Turco-Mongols who were integrated into the empire such as the Uighurs who ruled Mongolia and the Khitan who governed northern China (Lingley, 2014). The arrival of the Mongols in northwestern Iran in the 13th century transformed the Islamic provinces of northwestern Iran into a political, religious, and cultural region between Islam and Mongolian homeland traditions. The impact of this settlement of Turko-Mongols should be considered when discussing architectural motivation to create the so-called Mihrt Temple of Maraghe. Undoubtedly, the funeral architecture in accordance with early Mongolian customs was inevitable to cover funeral prospects of Mongol's elites and aristocratic families. Focusing our attention on the funeral architecture of Mongolian and Inner Mongolian traditions and comparing these underground architectures with Iranian specimens in "Maraghe", "Nir", and "Azar Shar" provinces in northwestern Iran, this short essay will try to categorize the so-called Mihr Temple of Maraghe as the same funeral units of Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and northeastern China. According to the results and by comparing the architectural forms between Northwest Iran, Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and Northern China, not only there is no difference between plans and design, but also a same language of architecture has been repeated in both regions. According to the results, three type of tomb constructing method could be considered in an area including Inner Mongolia, Mongolia and Northeast China; one including a passageway end up with an antechamber and main chamber room which is mainly formed the structure of the tombs in Northeast China like tomb of Xu Xianxiu (Figure 9) and those in Bashon. Second is a corridor in connection with two successive domed chambers in Northeast most point of Inner Mongolia in Kogoryo's tombs which should be considered as the point where single chambers and multi chamber tombs overlapped; and the third: including a corridor, antechambers, main chamber and two bilateral rooms containing horse bones, warfare and ceramics. Although scholars cannot securely identify the origin of the design of Northwest Iran underground architecture, but from this point of view, Maraghe’s underground architecture might be a tomb in accordance with the architectural projects of Mongolian’s tomb like those in Huatehua, Abaoji's tomb, Shoroon Bumbagar tomb (Figure 10), tomb of Shoroon Dov barrow (Figure. 11), tomb of Xiao Yi, Tangut's royal tomb and tomb of Mme Yi; while Abazar’s tomb will follow the plan of tombs in Kogoryo and Azar Shahr’s tomb will be an exact copy of those in Northeast China. (Figure. 15) Since Mongol invasions of Iran (1256) is the most common reason of this transition before the time that Ghazan started a new architectural movement towards funeral architecture by establishing his complex known as Ghazaniyya (1320); Northwest Iran’s tomb most belong to the period between mid-13th to the early 14th centuries.

Human and Environmental Interactions in the Archeology of the Islamic Period of Qorveh Plain, Northwest of Sanandaj-Sirjan Range

Fereshteh sharifi; Mohammd Ebrahim Zarei

Volume 13, Issue 3 , September 2021, , Pages 117-139

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.297419.142848

Abstract

Qorveh plain is located in the southeast of Kurdistan province and it is considered as one of the highlands of Zagros. This plain is located in the Sanandaj-Sirjan Inclined zone. The ... Read More Qorveh plain is located in the southeast of Kurdistan province and it is considered as one of the highlands of Zagros. This plain is located in the Sanandaj-Sirjan Inclined zone. The most prominent feature of this plain is the difference in the geological structure and environment of its north and south. This factor has made the distribution of settlements in these two parts completely different. Qorveh plain was studied and archaeologically reviewed in 2018. The result of this survey is the identification of 243 sites that indicated the establishment and continuity of human habitation from the Middle Chalcolithic period Age to the present, in this survey, more than 100 sites were identified for the first time, of these, and the Islamic period has a larger share. The present study is based on the archaeological findings of the Islamic period resulting from this study and it is trying to reconstruct the settlements landscape of this period and land use by assessment of historical texts, Satellite imagery and Gis maps and geology. In this study, the identified sites of the Islamic period are divided into three periods: early, middle and late centuries. The aim of this study is to study human relation with the environment in the Islamic period of this region. Some of the questions in this study are: what factors caused the formation of settlements in the Islamic period? What is the settlement pattern of Islamic sites in Qorveh plain? Did Qorveh plain have an urban center in the Islamic period? Among the factors such as water resources and fertile land, roads and mines have played a significant role in the formation of settlement s in Qorveh plain. The north settlements at plain are mostly linear and formed on river terraces. On the other hand, in the south of the plain, factors such as agricultural lands, communication routes and water resources have been very important in the formation of these areas. It seems that role of larger sites in creating small, satellite habitats in the southern part - probably the Central place system - has not been ineffective

Preliminary Study and Introduction of Discovered Seals from the Parthian Cemetery of Westmin, Kiasar, Sari, Based on Three Seasons of Excavations in 2015-2018

abdolmotaleb sharifi; Bahman Firouzmandi Shirah Jini; kamal aldin niknami

Volume 14, Issue 3 , October 2022, , Pages 119-140

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2022.343035.143152

Abstract

In 2014, the contractor company operating the Damghan-Neka gas transmission line demolished and exposed two Parthian burial mounds in the village of Vestemin. Vestemin is located 80 ... Read More

Early villages and prehistoric sites in the Abharroud Basin, North West of Iranian central plateau

Shokouh Khosravi; Hamid Khatib Shahidi; Hamed Vahdatinasab; Sajjad Alibaigi; Abolfazl Aali

Volume 4, Issue 1 , July 2012, , Pages 131-154

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2012.35379

Abstract

The Abharroud basin is an important region in the archeological studies of northwestern outskirts of the central plateau, and west and northwest of Iran. Considering its environmental ... Read More

Evolution of Architectural Structure of Towers of Silence from Sasanid to Late Islamic Period

Seyed Mehdi Mousavinia

Volume 14, Issue 1 , June 2022, , Pages 131-153

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2021.320017.142996

Abstract

Archaeological data and textual sources provide information on Zoroastrian burial customs in Iran that could read and investigate in their context. One of these burial customs is burying ... Read More Archaeological data and textual sources provide information on Zoroastrian burial customs in Iran that could read and investigate in their context. One of these burial customs is burying the body into the towers of silence. This ritual practice canonized in Zoroastrian religious texts such as Vidēvdāt and documented in historical sources and archaeological findings. Beside Central Asia one what comparable to the first generation of towers of silence this funeral practice reported from Sasanid to the Late Islamic period. Although all of these burial structures mentioned as the towers of silence (Dakhma), there are plenty of architectural structures, from the beginning to the Late Islamic period; from the platforms of xwaršēd nigerišn to roofed towers of silence; from rooms of ossuary to central well (sarāda) of towers of silence. This paper has tried to thanks to archaeological findings and historical sources recommend some relative dating on towers of silence. Besides, the formal evolution of these burial structures has investigated from the Sasanid to the Late Islamic period. Hence, there are some questions to answer. 1) How are the continuation and evolution of the architectural structure of towers of silence from the Sasanid to the Late Islamic period? 2) Which elements caused the evolution of the architectural structure of towers of silence? 3) Is it possible to find a relative dating about the date of construction of these burial structures based on the evolution of the architecture of towers of silence? For the answer to these questions, a descriptive-analytical method has used. Field and library studies and comparative studies are the most important methods of this illustration. This study will show towers of silence follow four different architecture methods. The quality of roof covering, the way of exposure, the divide of burial spaces, location of a central well, how to enter to xwaršēd nigerišn places, details of architectural structure and creation of some buildings related to burial are the most important towers of silence diversities factors. There is some reason for these diversities: 1) emigration of Zoroastrian communities to Yazd 2) cultural relation between Iran and India Zoroastrian communities, 3) Maneckji Limji Hataria activities in Iran

Spatial Structure of Old Mosque of Dastgerdan-e Tabas: An Appraisal

Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Khadijeh Sharif Kazemi

Volume 9, Issue 2 , April 2018, , Pages 87-102

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2018.222947.142367

Abstract

Architects have always built mosques as one of the important elements of the architecture of urban buildings with different designs and climate considerations. Tabas area located south ... Read More

An Inscribed Cylindrical Seal with Ostrich Image From Lama Cemetery

Amir Saed Mucheshi; Mohammad Javad Jafari

Volume 7, Issue 1 , March 2015, , Pages 95-106

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.56679

Abstract

In the third season excavation of Lama Cemetery (Chal Shahin Lama), a cylindrical seal with inscription was found and because of its significance, it was introduced, compared and analyzed. ... Read More

Location of Marhashi on the Basis of Historical and Archaeological Data

Ebrahim Moradi

Volume 6, Issue 1 , September 2014, , Pages 99-110

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2014.52678

Abstract

Based on the historical data, Marhashi has been one of the eventful regions of Iran during the second and third millennium B. C. It has been also one of the important confederates of ... Read More

An Analysis of the Chalcolithic Settlement Patterns of Southern Roudbar Plain, Halilroud Basin

Ali Daneshi; Nasir Eskandari

Volume 10, Issue 2 , January 2019, , Pages 99-118

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.68530

Abstract

Roodbar plain and the mountainous surrounding areas of the southeast of Iran have long been a great place to establish the human settlements due to their suitable climate. Archaeological ... Read More

An Archeological Study on the Location of the Ancient City of Veymeh or Deymeh

Mohammad Mortezāi; Ali Farhāni

Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 2010, , Pages 103-120

Abstract

Historians and geographers of the early and middle centuries of the Islamic period have recorded a place known as Veymeh or Deymeh in their writings, which have apparently been among ... Read More

A Study on the Parthian Burial Traditions at Veliran Cemetery in Damavand, Iran

Mohammad Reza Nemati; Ali Sadraei

Volume 4, Issue 2 , February 2013, , Pages 103-121

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2013.32122

Abstract

Since the ancient times, burial practices have displayed certain characteristics among different Iranian ethnic groups and regions were influenced by the local religious orientations, ... Read More

Volume 15 (2023)

Volume 14 (2022)

Volume 13 (2021)

Volume 12 (2020)

Volume 11 (2019)

Volume 10 (2018)

Volume 9 (2017)

Volume 8 (2016)

Volume 7 (2015)

Volume 6 (2014)

Volume 5 (2013)

Volume 4 (2012)

Volume 3 (2011)

Volume 1 (2009)

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