نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران (نویسندۀ مسئول).
2 گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.
3 مؤسسه دیرینه‌شناسی مهره‌داران و دیرینه انسان‌شناسی، آکادمی علوم چین. چین
4 گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، جمهوری اسلامی ایران
چکیده
پس از گذشت 70 سال هنوز اطلاعات بسیار اندکی درمورد دوره‌های فراپارینه‌سنگی، نوسنگی بدون‌سفال و نوسنگی باسفال در دشت‌های شرق مازندران داریم. روش‌های کاوش غیرقابل اعتماد، اعمال سلیقۀ شخصی در جمع‌آوری داده‌ها و تحلیل‌های نامشخص ازجمله مسائلی است که در کاوش‌های کوون در غارهای هوتو و کمربند با آن مواجه هستیم. علاوه‌بر این، هیچ گزارش دقیقی از سفال غارها توسط کوون وجود ندارد. در سال‌های بعد نیز تنها اطلاعات کلی و چند تصویر و طرح توسط باستان‌شناسان منتشر شد که اگرچه مفید بود، اما کافی نبود. در دو دهۀ اخیر باوجود کاوش‌ها و بررسی‌های میدانی انجام‌شده، تلاشی برای معرفی سفال پوک نوسنگی کاسپی صورت نگرفته است. توق‌تپه و تپه ولیکی، واقع‌در دشت نکا، دو محوطۀ فرهنگ سفال پوک نوسنگی کاسپی هستند که بیش از 2500 قطعه متعلق به دورۀ نوسنگی از آن‌ها به‌دست آمده است. تجزیه و تحلیل این دو مجموعۀ سفال نوسنگی نیاز به تجدیدنظر در مفروضات ما درمورد گونۀ سفالی را نشان می‌دهد. تنوع در تولید و تزئین منعکس‌کنندۀ تولیدات خانگی است، اگرچه آن‌ها الگوی خاصی را در سطوح منطقه‌ای و فرامنطقه‌ای نشان می‌دهند. ما تصور می‌کنیم، درحالی‌که برخی محققین از این سفال با عنوان جیتونی/چخماقی یاد کرده‌اند، مقایسۀ آن‌ها با استفاده از تاریخ‌گذاری‌های مطلق جدید، احتمالاً داستان دیگری را بیان می‌کند. قطعات ارائه شده در این پژوهش را می‌توان به دو گروه تقسیم کرد؛ منطقه‌ای و فرامنطقه‌ای، که اکثریت آن متعلق به نوع پوک نوسنگی کاسپی هستند. قدمت طوق‌تپه حاکی از آن است که لایه‌های نوسنگی باسفال مربوط به 5800-6250پ.م. است. درحالی‌که، تاریخ‌گذاری از هوتو نشان می‌دهد که این دوره در حدود 6400پ.م. و در تپه ولیکی حدود 6600پ.م. آغاز شده است. درنتیجه فرهنگ سفال پوک نوسنگی کاسپی در منطقۀ شرق مازندران درحال‌حاضر قدیمی‌ترین فرهنگ نوسنگی در شمال‌شرق ایران محسوب می‌شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Caspian Neolithic Software vs. Djeitun Pottery: New Absolute Dating from the Pottery Neolithic of Eastern Mazandaran
نویسندگان [English]
- Rahmat Abbasnejad Seresti 1
- Seyyed Kamal Asadi Ojaei 2
- Xinying Zhou 3
- Hengameh Kheiri Malakshah 4
1 Department of Archaeology, University of Mazandaran
2 Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
3 Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing 100044, China
4 Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
چکیده [English]
After 70 years we still have very little knowledge about the Epi-Paleolithic, Pre-pottery Neolithic (PPN), and Pottery Neolithic (PN) periods in the eastern Mazandaran plains. Unreliable excavation methods, the application of personal taste in collecting data, and uncertain analyses are among the issues we face in Coon`s excavations at the Hotu and Kamarband caves. Additionally, there are no detailed reports of pottery from the caves by Coon. In the following years, only general information and a few pictures and drawings by archaeologists were published, which, although helpful, weren’t enough. In the last two decades, despite the excavations and field surveys that have been carried out, there have been no attempts to reinterpret the Caspian Neolithic Software (the CNS pottery type). Touq Tappeh and Tappeh Valiki, located in the Neka Plain, are two CNS sites that yielded over 2500 sherds belonging to the PN. Analysis of the pottery assemblage suggests a need to revise our assumptions about the CNS type. The diversity in production and decoration reflects household production, although they show a specific pattern at regional and inter-regional levels. It has come to our attention that while some researchers have referred to this pottery as the Djeitun/Chakhmaq style, new absolute dates tell a different story. The sherds presented in this paper can be categorized into two groups - regional and inter-regional - with the majority belonging to the CNS type. The dating of Touq Tappeh suggests that the PN layers belong to 6250-5800 BC. Meanwhile, dating from Hotu indicates that the PN began around 6400 BC, and at Tappeh Valiki, it started around 6600 BC. Consequently, the CNS culture in the eastern region of Mazandaran is now considered the oldest Pottery Neolithic culture in northeastern Iran.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Neolithic
- Caspian Neolithic Software
- Pottery Neolithic
- Hotu
- Kamarband
- Djeitun
- Chakhmaq
- Touq Tappeh
- Tappeh Valiki
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