نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• افراسیاب گراوند ¹
• مهناز شریفی ²
• فاطمه ملک پور ³

¹ دکتری باستان‌شناسی پیش‌ازتاریخ، مدیر پایگاه میراث جهانی تخت‌سلیمان، آذربایجان‌غربی، ایران (نویسندۀ مسئول).

² دانشیار گروه باستان‌شناسی، پژوهشکدۀ باستان‌شناسی، پژوهشگاه میراث‌فرهنگی، گردشگری، تهران، ایران.

³ کارشناس‌ارشد باستان‌شناسی میراث‌فرهنگی، گردشگری و صنایع‌دستی شهرستان خوی، خوی، ایران.

چکیده

تپه اهرنجان یکی از شاخص‌ترین محوطه‌های حوضۀ دریاچۀ ارومیه است که باتوجه به مختصات منحصر‌به‌فرد فرهنگی که دارد، نقش مهمی در ادبیات باستان‌شناسی منطقه ایفا نموده است؛ چراکه اطلاعات ما درخصوص نوسنگی این منطقۀ بسیار مهم، ناشناخته باقی‌مانده و دانسته‌های ما از این بازۀ زمانی بسیار محدود است. اهرنجان دارای انباشت ضخیمی از دور‌ۀ نوسنگی است که حدود 10متر لایه‌های فرهنگی با نُه فاز استقراری را دربر می‌گیرد. هدف از این پژوهش تبیین توالی فرهنگی، گاهنگاری مطلق و پاسخ به این پرسش مهم است که، آیا شواهدی از نوسنگی بدون سفال در اهرنجان وجود دارد؟ یا استقرار صرفاً در دور‌ۀ نوسنگی با سفال صورت پذیرفته است؟ نتایج این پژوهش منجر به کشف تدفین دسته‌جمعی انسانی داخل فضای مسکونی و شناسایی کوره‌های حرارتی شد که در نوع خود منحصر بوده است. مواد فرهنگی اهرنجان شباهت‌هایی با جارمو از یک‌سو، و با دیگر محوطه‏های هم‌زمان ازجمله حاجی‌فیروز و یانیک‌تپه در حوضۀ دریاچۀ ارومیه، از سوی دیگر دارد؛ اما باوجود برخی تشابهات، تفاوت‌های بنیادینی نیز با حاجی‌فیروز دارد، با عنایت به این‌که اهرنجان و حاجی‌فیروز هم‌افق هستند، اما دارای تفاوت‌های ساختاری بوده‌اند؛ بنابراین باتوجه به مواد فرهنگی اهرنجان باید اذعان نمود که این محوطه در چارچوب فرهنگ حاجی‌فیروز که پیش‌تر معرفی شده، نمی‌گنجد و شاخصه‌های متفاوت‌تری نسبت به حاجی‌فیرور و دیگر محوطه‌های هم‌افق داراست و این مسئله به دلیل قدمت بیشتر اهرنجان از حاجی فیروز است، چنان‌چه آزمایش C14 تاریخ 5988پ.م. را مشخص نمود؛ این پژوهش نشان‌داد در دور‌ۀ نوسنگی جدید در منطقۀ شمال‌غرب، همگونی فرهنگی وجود نداشته و ما نَه با همسانی فرهنگی، بلکه با تنوع فرهنگی مواجه هستیم. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

• شمال‌غرب
• حوضۀ دریاچۀ ارومیه
• نوسنگی جدید
• کوره
• تدفین گروهی

موضوعات

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عنوان مقاله [English]

Absolute Chronology of Ahranjan tepe and a New Perspective on the Late Neolithic of Northwestern Iran

نویسندگان [English]

• Afrasiab Garavand ¹
• Mahnaz Sharifi ²
• Fatemeh Malekpur ³

¹ PhD in Prehistoric Archeology, Manager of Takht Suleiman World Heritage Site, West Azarbaijan, Iran (Corresponding Author).

² Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and Tourism (RICHT), Tehran, Iran.

³ Senior expert in Archeology of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts of Khoy City, Khoy, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Abstract
Ahranjan Tepe is a prehistoric mound located in the Salmas Plain of northwestern Iran, in West Azerbaijan Province. The presence of a ten-meter-deep Late Neolithic deposit suggests that the site functioned as a principal regional center during the Late Neolithic period (Hasanlu X horizon). Excavations were undertaken to investigate the cultural conditions of northwestern Iran during this time span. Following the Late Neolithic occupation, Ahranjan appears to have been abandoned. This paper examines the cultural relationships between the Salmas Plain and neighboring regions through a detailed presentation of the site’s stratigraphy, burial practices, ovens, architectural remains, and associated small finds. Radiocarbon dates, in conjunction with relative chronological analysis and excavation results, indicate cultural connections between Ahranjan and sites such as Hajji Firuz Tepe and Jarmo in Mesopotamia. The article further aims to clarify the cultural sequence of the mound and to address the question of whether the site contains evidence of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN), or whether occupation began only during the Pottery Neolithic period. The research results include the discovery of mass human burials within residential spaces and the identification of distinctive thermal oven pits, which appear to be unique and have not been reported at other sites.
Keywords: Northwestern Iran, Lake Urmia Basin, Late Neolithic, Group Burial.
 
1. Introduction
The cultural materials of Ahranjan have close similarities, especially with Jarmo on the one hand, and also with other contemporary sites, including Hajji Firuz and Yanik Tepe in the Lake Urmia basin on the other. However, despite some similarities, it has fundamental differences with Hajji Firuz, despite the fact that all Neolithic sites are on the same horizon as each other, but they also have structural differences. With regard to the cultural materials of Ahranjan, it must be acknowledged that this site does not fit into the framework of the Hajji Firuz culture that was introduced earlier and has more different characteristics than Hajji Firuz and other sites on the same horizon and has its own cultural characteristics. The archaeological excavation of Ahranjan Tepe was carried out with the aim of updating and accurately explaining the cultural sequence of the Neolithic period in the Lake Urmia basin, explaining the phases and settlement layers, examining pottery kilns, burial methods, presenting relative and absolute chronology, and also providing documentary evidence of the presence of a late Neolithic culture that is different from other cultures of the same horizon.
 
2. Archaeological Background
In the Archaeological literature, Northwest Iran is primarily famed for the plains of the Lake Urmia Basin. The sphere of influence of the region’s culture, however, spreads over a much vaster zone. In the northern Basin, excavations at the Neolithic site of Tepe Hajji Firuz have yielded ceramics paralleling the material from the Early Hassuna sites such as Umm Dabaghiyah (Voigt 1983: 101). Dalma-type pottery has occurred at Tepe Sivan (Solecki 1973), Hajji Firuz (Voigt 1983: 80) and Pisdeli. The University of Pennsylvania Museum’s long-lasting Hasanlu Project, started in 1956 under the general direction of Robert H. Dyson, is the most significant work in this basin (Dyson 1969). On the other hand, work in the northeastern basin of the lake began in 1960 by Charles Burney at Yanik Tepe, furnishing important results, among them the identification of the Trans-Caucasian culture’s infiltration into northwest Iran (Burney 1961, 1964). Excavations at Yanik Tepe revealed a sequence spanning the Neolithic (Hasanlu Period X or Hajji Firuz Period), i.e. sixth millennium B.C.E., to the second half of the first millennium B.C.E. 
 
3. Work Procedure
Ahranjan Tepe has an area measuring 25 x 52 meters, equivalent to 1300 square meters, which is located in a north-south direction, 4.5 meters above the surrounding land. It is necessary to explain that the archaeological layers and deposits of the Tepe were 10 meters thick. Prior to the excavation, a topographic map of the mound was made. The excavation followed a locus and feature approach. Some nine phases were documented on the whole. In the course of the excavation, burials, architectural remains, and a pit were recovered, a brief outline of which follows.
 
4. Discussion
In summary, in this article, we set out to describe the cultural materials of the late Neolithic period in the region. Based on the results of the cultural materials of Ahranjan, the excavation of Ahranjan provided valuable information about the late Neolithic. With regard to absolute chronology and the date of 6940 ± 50 BP, Tepe Ahranjan is on the same horizon as Tepe Hajji Firuz. This excavation yielded thermal structures, human burials, and architectural remains, which to some extent clarified the cultural situation of the New Neolithic of Salmas-Northwest. Regarding human burials, it should be stated that the differences in burial styles go back to the religious beliefs of Neolithic societies, especially since the Neolithic society was highly religious, so the burials of Ahranjan were also carried out in line with religious matters. Neolithic human burials, often found within architectural contexts, have been reported at most Neolithic sites. The pottery of Ahranjan is also comparable to that of Hajji Firuz, however, it has some differences and similarities, and the most important difference between Ahranjan and Hajji Firuz pottery is that the type of painted pottery is rarely found in Ahranjan and is more similar to earlier vessels. Other important findings include large, tub-shaped thermal structures that have been identified in various dimensions and phases. This tradition is specific to the Lake Urmia basin. These structures, which are on average 45 to 60 cm deep, have an orange mud wall 3 cm thick, whose inner surface has been blackened by heat. Their contents consist of a thick accumulation of ash and fine charcoal particles.
 
5. Conclusion
In the late Neolithic period, known as Hasanlu X, the Urmia Lake basin was not uninhabited and was introduced by the Haji Firuz culture, although there are brief reports on other sites, including Yanik Tepe. However, the research at Ahranjan is considered a turning point in the Neolithic of the Northwest because we are faced with new, but different, information and knowledge. This information is about the type of burials, the remains of thermal kilns, pottery making techniques, and structures related to pottery firing. Ahranjan was a large and important site that had relations with Jarmo because Ahranjan is a wider part of the late Neolithic area. Ahranjan Tepe, 10 meters high, is located in the Salmas Plain and, considering that it includes a thick deposit of the Late Neolithic period, is considered one of the key points of the northwestern areas of Iran, so it is important to address it and provides useful information from this period. Ahranjan Tepe is the most significant and largest prehistoric site (2.6 hectares) northwest of Lake Urmia, located in the fertile Salmas Plain; this cultural area is located at the communication distance that connects the Iranian Plateau and the Lake Urmia basin to the South Caucasus region on one side and to eastern Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia on the other. In this article, we have examined the cultural tradition of the late Neolithic and tried to provide a clear understanding of the cultural situation of the important Neolithic period in the northwest basin of Lake Urmia by providing detailed excavation and study of cultural materials. One of the problems of archaeology in the northwest basin is the lack of sufficient information about the late Neolithic period, so new research can be a new information in the studies of the Northwest Neolithic period.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Northwestern Iran
• Lake Urmia Basin
• Late Neolithic
• Group Burial