نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
پژوهشگر ارشد مؤسسۀ مطالعات قوم‌نگاری «آر. جی. کازیف» وابسته به مرکز پژوهش فدرال اوفا، آکادمی علوم روسیه، اوفا، روسیه.
چکیده
این پژوهش به بررسی نقش سنگ به‌عنوان جانشین نمادین پیکر متوفی در آئین‌های تدفینی حوزۀ فرهنگی اسروبنایا-آندرونوو در اواخر عصر مفرغ در منطقۀ اورال جنوبی می‌پردازد. مبنای پژوهش، داده‌های به‌دست‌آمده از گورستان تپه‌ای کاشکاروفسکی (واقع‌در بخش ماورالنهر از اورالِ باشقیرستان) است، به‌ویژه گور شمارۀ ۳ از تپۀ شمارۀ ۵ که در آن یک استل سنگی انسان‌نما کشف شد و به‌عنوان عنصر مرکزی یک «سنوتاف» (قبر یادبود بدون جسد) تفسیر گردید. به‌نظر می‌رسد که در این بستر، سنگ علاوه‌بر داشتن کارکردی مقدس، جایگزین بدن غایب متوفی نیز بوده است. این پژوهش گونه‌شناسی مجموعه‌های مشابه را ارائه کرده و آن‌ها را بر اساس نحوۀ قرارگیری عمدی و ویژگی‌های سنگ‌ها در گودال‌های تدفین به چهار گروه تقسیم می‌کند؛ گروه A سنگ‌های شبیه استل که در گودال‌های تدفین قرار داده شده‌اند. گروه B سنگ‌های منفرد که به‌طور عمدی در کف گودال گذاشته شده‌اند و گاه حالت بدن خمیده را شبیه‌سازی می‌کنند. گروه‌های C و D شامل سنوتاف‌هایی با چند سنگ یا یک تخته‌سنگ منفرد در کف قبر قرار گرفته است. گودال تدفین با استل سنگی در گورستان کاشکاروفسکی در‌واقع یک مجموعۀ تدفینی سنوتاف منحصر‌به‌فرد است که در آن قرار دادن عمدی سنگ در کف گودال را می‌توان با اطمینان به آئین جایگزینی بدن متوفی نسبت داد. تعداد اندک نمونه‌های مشابه، نشان‌دهندۀ غیرمعمول بودن این رسم در آئین تدفینی مردم اسروبنایا-آندرونوو در جنگل‌استپ اورال جنوبی در اواخر عصر مفرغ است. خاستگاه این سنت هم‌چنان نامشخص است، اما پیوند آن با سنت‌های تدفینی آلاکول-فدوروفو در محوطه‌های اورال جنوبی و قزاقستان شناسایی شده است. برای تأیید این فرضیه، لازم است دامنۀ منابع باستان‌شناسی گسترش یابد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Stone as Symbol in the Funerary Practice of the Srubnaya-Andronovo Cultural Sphere
نویسنده [English]
- Ilshat Bakhshiev
Acting Director, Chief Researcher, R. G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Studies of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russian.
چکیده [English]
This article is devoted to analyzing the role of stone as a symbolic substitute for the body of the deceased in the funerary practices of the Srubnaya-Andronovo cultural circle during the Late Bronze Age in the Southern Urals. The research is based on materials from the Kashkarovsky kurgan burial ground (Bashkir Trans-Urals), particularly Burial 3 of Kurgan 5, where an anthropomorphic stone stele was discovered and interpreted as the central element of a cenotaph. It is suggested that, in this context, the stone fulfilled a certain sacred function and also served as a substitute for the absent body of the deceased. The study presents a typology of similar complexes, distinguishing four groups based on the intentional placement and characteristics of stones in burial pits. Group A includes stele-like stones in burial pits; Group B consists of individual stones deliberately laid at the bottom of the burial pit, sometimes imitating a flexed body position; Groups C and D comprise cenotaphs with several stones or single slabs at the bottom of the grave. The burial pit with a stone stele at the Kashkarovsky burial ground is, in fact, a unique funerary cenotaph complex in which the deliberate placement of a stone at the bottom can be confidently associated with the ritual of substituting for the bodies of the deceased. The limited number of analogies points to the atypical nature of this rite in the funerary practice of the Srubnaya-Andronovo population of the Late Bronze Age Southern Ural forest-steppe. The origin of the tradition remains unclear; however, its connection with the Alakul-Fedorovo funerary traditions of sites in the Southern Urals and Kazakhstan has been identified. Confirmation of this hypothesis requires an expansion of the archaeological source base.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Late Bronze Age
- South Ural
- Bashkir Trans-Ural Region
- Funeral Rite
- Stone Stele
- Cenotaphs
- Epimakhov, A. V., Hanks, B. & Renfrew, K., (2005). “Radiouglerodnaya ...Radiouglerodnaya khronologiya pamyatnikov bronzovogo veka Zauralya”. Rossiyskaya arkheologiya, 4: 92-102 [in Russian].
- Epimakhov, A. V. & Alaeva, I. P., (2024). “Radiocarbon Chronology of the Bronze Age Fedorovka Culture (New Data Relevant to an Earlier Problem)”. Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia, 52(2): 55-64. https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2024.52.2.055-064
- Epimakhov, A., Zazovskaya, E. & Alaeva, I., (2024). “Migrations and Cultural Evolution in the Lght of Radiocarbon Dating of Bronze Age Sites in the Southern Urals”. Radiocarbon, 66(6): 1580-1594. https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2023.62
- Fedorov-Davydov, G. A., (1976). Iskusstvo kochevnikov i Zolotoi Ordy: ocherki kultury i iskusstva narodov Evraziiskikh stepei i zolotoordynskikh gorodov [The Art of Nomads and the Golden Horde: Essays on the Culture and Art of the Peoples of the Eurasian Steppes and Golden Horde Cities]. Iskusstvo, Moscow [in Russian].
- Feshchenko, E. L., (2014). “Kamennye antropomorfnye stely v pogrebeniyakh katakombnoy kultury [Stone anthropomorphic stelae in the burials of the Catacomb culture]”. In: Morgunova (ed) Arkheologicheskie pamyatniki Orenburzh’ya: sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Tom 11 [Archaeological Monuments of Orenburg Region: Collection of Scientific Works. Vol. 11]. Orenburg: 150-156 [in Russian].
- Gavrilyuk,A. G., Grigoriev, S. A. & Markov. S. S., (2006). “Mogil’niki Ak-Mulla I, Gorodishchenskoe IX, Narovchatskii II [Cemeteries Ak-Mulla I, Gorodishchenskoe IX, Narovchatskii II]”. In: Arkheologiya Yuzhnogo Urala. Step (problemy kulturogeneza). Seriya “Etnogenez ural’skikh narodov” [Archaeology of the Southern Urals. Steppe (problems of cultural genesis). Series “Ethnogenesis of Ural Peoples”]. Rifey, Chelyabinsk: 89-152 [in Russian].
- Gurvich, I. S. (ed)., (1980). Semeinaya obryadnost narodov Sibiri: opyt sravnitelnogo izucheniya [Family Rituals of the Peoples of Siberia: A Comparative Study]. Nauka, Moscow [in Russian].
- Kostyukov, V. P. & Alaeva, I. P., (2004). “Mogilniki bronzovogo veka u stantsii Sistema [Bronze Age cemeteries near Sistema station]”. Vestnik Chelyabinskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. Seriya 1. Istoricheskie nauki, 2: 5-57 [in Russian].
- Kovalev, A. A. & Erdenebaatar, D., (2007). “Dve traditsii ritual’nogo ispol’zovaniya olenykh kamnei Mongolii [Two traditions of ritual use of deer stones in Mongolia]”. In: Tishkin (ed) Kamennaya skul’ptura i melkaya plastika drevnikh i srednevekovykh narodov Evrazii: sbornik trudov [Stone Sculpture and Small Plastics of Ancient and Medieval Peoples of Eurasia: Collection of Works]. Azbuka, Barnaul: 99-105 [in Russian].
- Kovalev, A. A., Rukavishnikova, I. V. & Erdenebaatar, D., (2014). “Olenniye kamni – eto pamyatniki-kenotafy (po materialam noveishikh issledovaniy v Mongolii i Tuve) [Deer stones are cenotaph monuments (based on the latest research in Mongolia and Tuva)]”. In: Tishkin (ed) Drevnie i srednevekovye izvayaniya Tsentral’noi Azii: sbornik statei [Ancient and Medieval Statues of Central Asia: Collection of Articles]. Alt. un-t, Barnaul: 41-54 [in Russian].
- Kubarev, G. V., (2007). “Drevnetyurkskie izvayaniya: voploshchenie epicheskikh geroev ili voinov–predkov? [Ancient Turkic statues: embodiment of epic heroes or warrior ancestors?]”. Arkheologiya, etnografiya i antropologiya Evrazii, 1: 136-144 [in Russian]. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1563011007010136
- Kuptsova, L. V., Morgunova, N. L., Salugina, N. P. & Khokhlova, O. S., (2018). “A periodization of the Timber-Grave culture in the western Orenburg region: Archaeological and natural science-based evidence”. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, 46(1): 100-107. https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.1.100-107.
- Kuzmin, N., (2008). “Etapy slozheniya tesinskoy kultury (po pogrebal’nym pamyatnikam stepey Minusinskoy kotloviny) [Stages in the formation of the Tesinskaya culture (case of burial monuments of the Minusinsk Basin steppes)]”. In: Nomady kazakhstanskikh stepey: etnosotsiokul’turnye protsessy i kontakty v Evrazii skifo-sakskoy epokhi [Nomads of the Kazakh Steppes: Ethnosociocultural Processes and Contacts in Eurasia during the Scythian-Saka Era]. Astana: 187-204 [in Russian].
- Kuzmina, E. E., (1994). Otkuda prishli indoarii? Materialnaya kultura plemen andronovskoi obshchnosti i proiskhozhdenie indoirantsev [Where Did the Indo-Aryans Come From? Material Culture of the Andronovo Community Tribes and the Origin of the Indo-Iranians]. Vostochnaya literatura, Moscow [in Russian].
- Lyubchanskiy, I. E. & Ivanova, N. O., (1996). “I Ilyasskiy mogil’nik – novyy pogrebal’nyy kompleks srubno-alakul’skogo vremeni [Ilyassky burial ground I – a new funerary complex of the Srubnaya-Alakul period]”. In: Materialy po arkheologii i etnografii Yuzhnogo Urala [Materials on the Archaeology and Ethnography of the Southern Urals]. Kamennyy poyas, Chelyabinsk: 89-105 [in Russian].
- Matveev, A. V., (1998). Pervye andronovtsy v lesakh Zauralya [The First Andronovo People in the Forests of Trans-Urals]. Nauka. Sib. predpriyatie RAN, Novosibirsk [in Russian].
- Morozov, Yu. A., (1984). “Mogil’nik epokhi bronzy u sela Verkhnatavlykaevo [Bronze Age burial ground near the village of Verkhnatavlykaevo]”. In: Pamyatniki kochevnikov Yuzhnogo Urala [Monuments of the Nomads of the Southern Urals]. BFAN SSSR, Ufa: 117-135 [in Russian].
- Morozov, Yu. A. & Pshenichnyuk, A. Kh., (1976). “Novye pogrebal’nye pamyatniki srubnoy kultury v yuzhnoy Bashkirii [New burial monuments of the Srubnaya culture in Southern Bashkiria]”. In: Drevnosti Bashkirii [Antiquities of Bashkiria]. BFAN SSSR, Ufa: 3-17 [in Russian].
- Petrin, V. T., (1992). Paleoliticheskoe svyatilishche v Ignatevskoi peshchere na Yuzhnom Urale [Paleolithic Sanctuary in the Ignatiev Cave in the Southern Urals]. Nauka, Novosibirsk [in Russian].
- Potemkina, T. M., (1985). Bronzovyi vek lesostepnogo Pritobolya [The Bronze Age of the Forest-Steppe of the Tobol Region]. Nauka, Moscow [in Russian].
- Rutto, N. G., (1995). “Kurgany epokhi bronzy na yugo-vostoke Bashkirii [Bronze Age kurgans in the southeast of Bashkiria]”. In: Nasledie vekov. Okhrana i izuchenie pamyatnikov arkheologii v Bashkortostane. Vyp. 1 [Heritage of Centuries. Protection and Study of Archaeological Monuments in Bashkortostan. Issue 1], Ufa: 41-57 [in Russian].
- Saveliev, N. S., (2011). “Na granitse Evropy i Azii: faktory geokul’turnogo razvitiya Yuzhnogo Urala [At the border of Europe and Asia: factors of geocultural development of the Southern Urals]”. In: Antropologiya bashkir [Anthropology of the Bashkirs]. Aleteiya, Saint Petersburg: 11-24 [in Russian].
- Shilov, S. N. & Maslyuzhenko, D. N., (2001). “K voprosu o kenotafakh v sisteme pogrebalnoy obryadnosti bronzovogo veka [On cenotaphs in the system of Bronze Age burial rites]”. Ufimsky arkheologichesky vestnik, 3: 15-20 [in Russian].
- Stefanov, V. I. & Korochkova, O. N., (2006). Urefty I: zauralskii pamyatnik v andronovskom kontekste [Urefty I: A Trans-Urals Monument in the Andronovo Context]. Yekaterinburg. [in Russian].
- Tkachev, V. V., (2012). “Pogrebalno-kultovyy kompleks alakulskoy kultury v vostochom Orenburzhie [Funerary and cult complex of the Alakul culture in Eastern Orenburg region]”. Arkheologiya, etnografiya i antropologiya Evrazii, 1: 49-57 [in Russian]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeae.2012.05.006
- Usmanova, E. R., (2005). Mogilnik Lisakovskii I [Lisakovsky I Burial Ground]. Karaganda–Lisakovsk [in Russian].
- Usmanova, E. R., (2007). “Kult kamnya v kontekste pogrebal’noy ritual’nosti mogil’nika epokhi bronzy Lisakovskiy [Stone cult in the context of the burial ritualism of the Bronze Age Lisakovsky burial ground]”. In: Istoriko-kul’turnoe nasledie Saryarki. Sbornik nauchnykh statey [Historical and Cultural Heritage of Saryarka. Collection of Scientific Articles]. Karaganda: 85-92 [in Russian].
- Usmanova, E. R., (2013). “Pogrebal’nyy obryad: pozitsiya i simvolika [Funerary rite: position and symbolism]”. In: Usmanova (ed) Pamyatniki Lisakovskoy okrugi: arkheologicheskie syuzhety. Sb. statey [Monuments of the Lisakovsk District: Archaeological Stories. Collection of Articles]. Tengri Ltd, Karaganda–Lisakovsk: 88-130 [in Russian].
- Vasiliev, M. G., (1904). “Chuvashskie pominki [Chuvash memorial feasts]”. Izvestiya po Kazanskoy eparkhii, 15: 464-475 [in Russian].
)