نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، واحد ورامین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ورامین، ایران (نویسندۀ مسئول).
2 دانشجوی دکترای باستان‌شناسی، گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
3 دانشجوی دکترای باستان‌شناسی، گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
بر پایۀ شواهد باستان‌شناسی، گودین‌تپه در نیمه و اواخر هزارۀ چهارم پیش‌از‌میلاد فاقد نشانه‌های بارز فرهنگ مادی اوروکی (مانند: سفال ویژه، معماری خاص، یا فناوری‌های اداری) بوده و بنابراین به‌عنوان یک پایگاه بازرگانیِ صرفِ اوروکی قابل شناسایی نیست. کشف لوح‌هایی با ساختار و چیدمان مشابه با متون آغازایلامی نشان می‌دهد که در این محوطه سامانه‌ای اداری بومی، مرتبط با مدیریت منابع جوامع کوهستانی، فعال بوده و گودین‌تپه در شبکۀ اقتصادی گستردۀ آغاز ایلامی ادغام شده است. کارکردهای مکمل اقتصاد کوچ‌نشینی (محصولات دامی و خدمات حمل‌ونقل) و کشاورزی یکجانشینی (محصولات زراعی و صنایع‌دستی) نشان می‌دهد که گودین‌تپه به‌عنوان حلقۀ واسط در مبادلات منطقه‌ای و محل گردهم‌آیی فصلی کوچ‌نشینان عمل می‌کرده است. یافته‌هایی هم‌چون هم‌زمانی لوح‌های اقتصادی شوش II و نمونه‌های متون مربوط با مرحلۀ شکل‌گیری فرهنگ آغازایلامی، حضور سفال‌های برآمده از کوهستان و فلات‌مرکزی، و معماری شاخص فرهنگ آغازایلامی، جایگاه این محوطه را به‌عنوان مرکز بازرگانی چندفرهنگی و نقطۀ تلاقی فناوری‌های اداری (شامل: لوح‌های اقتصادی و مُهروموم‌ها) تقویت می‌کند؛ افزون‌بر این، انبارها و ظروف بزرگ ذخیره‌سازی نقش گودین را در انبارداری و توزیع کالا نشان می‌دهد. از منظر زمانی، مواد فرهنگی گودین VI:1 حلقۀ اتصال میان شوش II و شوش III با عنوان مرحلۀ آغازین شکل‌گیری فرهنگ آغازایلامی (حدود ۳۵۰۰ تا ۳۲۰۰پ.م.) را پُر می‌کند و گذار از لوح‌های صرفاً عددی به متون کامل آغازایلامی را مستندسازی می‌کند. این مرحلۀ «شکل‌گیری فرهنگ آغازایلامی» با نوآوری‌های اداری، تنوع فرهنگی، و گسترش تعاملات منطقه‌ای تعریف می‌شود و نشان می‌دهد که شکل‌گیری این فرهنگ هم‌زمان با تداوم فرهنگ اوروک/شوش II رخ داده است. مجموعۀ این شواهد، گودین‌تپه را نَه یک پایگاه فرعی اوروکی، بلکه یک محور فعال بازرگانی برای کوچ‌نشینان آغازایلامی با نقش محوری در تکامل سامانه‌های اداری تثبیت می‌کند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Bridging the Gap: Godin Tepe and the Origins of Proto-Elamite Communities
نویسندگان [English]
- Rouhollah Yousefi 1
- Hassan Afshari Salaki 2
- Donya Etemadifar 3
1 Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Human Science, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran (Corresponding Author).
2 Ph.D. Candidate of Prehistoric Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Human Science, University of Tehran, Tehran. Iran.
3 Ph.D. Candidate of Prehistoric Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Human Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]
Based on archaeological evidence, during the mid and late fourth millennium BCE, Godin Tepe lacked hallmark Uruk material culture (such as distinctive pottery, specific architecture, or administrative technologies), and thus cannot be identified as a purely Uruk trading outpost. The discovery of tablets with layouts and structures closely resembling Proto-Elamite texts indicates the existence of a local administrative system linked to the management of highland community resources, integrating Godin Tepe into the wider Proto-Elamite economic network. The complementary functions of pastoral nomadism (livestock products and transport services) and sedentary agriculture (agricultural produce and handicrafts) suggest that Godin Tepe acted as a conduit for regional exchange and a seasonal gathering place for nomadic groups. Findings such as the coexistence of Susa II economic tablets and formative Proto-Elamite types, the presence of pottery from the highlands and the central plateau, and the application of standard Proto-Elamite architecture reinforce the site’s role as a multi-cultural commercial hub and a meeting point for administrative technologies (including economic tablets and sealings). Additionally, storage facilities and large jars underline Godin’s function in warehousing and distribution. Chronologically, the material culture of Godin VI:1 bridges the gap between Susa II and Susa III and documents the initial stage of Proto-Elamite formation (ca. 3500–3200 BCE), marking the transformation from purely numerical tablets to fully developed Proto-Elamite texts. This “Formative Proto-Elamite” phase is defined by administrative innovations, cultural diversity, and expanded regional interaction, occurring in parallel with the ongoing Uruk/Susa II culture. Collectively, the evidence positions Godin Tepe not as a peripheral Uruk outpost, but as an active commercial center for Proto-Elamite pastoral nomads, with a central role in the development of administrative systems.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Godin Tepe
- Numerical Tablet
- Proto Elamite
- Administration
- Marketing Hub
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