نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران (نویسندۀ مسئول)
2 گروه باستان‌شناسی دانشکده میراث فرهنگی، صنایع‌دستی، گردشگری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران (نویسندۀ مسئول)
3 دانشگاه ریدینگ، انگلستان
4 مؤسسه باستان‌شناسی آلمان، شعبه تهران، ایران
5 گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
دورۀ میان‌سنگی و گذار آن به دورۀ نوسنگی در جنوب‌غرب آسیا، یکی از مهم‌ترین مراحل تحول فرهنگی انسان است که در آن جوامع انسانی به تدریج شیوۀ زندگی و رفتار فرهنگی خود را تغییر داده و وارد عصر جدید شدند. انسان پس از هزاره‌ها سبک زندگی به‌عنوان شکارچیان و خوراک‌جویان سیار وارد دوره‌ای شدند که برخی از دانشمندان آن را عامل شروع دورۀ آنتروپوسن (دورۀ انسانی) می‌دانند؛ بنابراین، مطالعه و شناخت شیوۀ زندگی شکارچی-گردآورنده‌های دورۀ میان‌سنگی و ورود آن به عصر نوسنگی بسیار ضروری می‌باشد. درحال حاضر، چندین استقرارگاه‌های باستان‌شناسی مهم در محدودۀ نوار جنوب‌شرقی سواحل دریای خزر مورد پژوهش قرار گرفت که دارای توالی‌های غنی از شکارچیان و گردآورندگان خوراک از حدود ۱۵,۰۰۰ تا ۱۰,۰۰۰ سال پیش را نشان می‌دهد. این غارها ازلحاظ موادفرهنگی این دوره بسیار چشمگیر است و قابل‌مقایسه با هیچ جای ایران نیست. یکی از این مکان‌ها، غار هوتو است که در نزدیکی شهر امروزی بهشهر واقع‌شده و نخستین‌بار در سال ۱۹۴۹ و 1951م. توسط انسان‌شناس آمریکایی کارلتون کوون کاوش شد؛ اما متأسفانه به‌دلایل مختلفی گزارش مناسبی از این غار هرگز ارائه نشد. فعالیت‌های جدید ما در این غار پس از ۷۰ سال به‌دنبال تحقق یک تقویم گاهنگاری درست و مطمئن از دورۀ میان‌سنگی تا دورۀ اشکانی و پیوند دادن خلأهای واضح در توالی غار و تغییرات اقلیمی و محیطی در سال 1400ه.ش. بوده است. کاوش جدید در غار هوتو، نه‌تنها برای جانمایی داده‌های حاصل از کاوش‌های کوون مفید است، بلکه به ما کمک کرد تا بتوانیم توالی جدیدی را برای این غار پیشنهاد نماییم. در این پژوهش، ما نه‌تنها داده‌های کاوش سال 1400 را شرح داده‌ایم، بلکه تمام پیشنهادهای دوره‌بندی که توسط کارلتون کوون، مایکل گرگ و کریستوفر تورنتون را نیز جمع‌بندی و با داده‌های جدید ترکیب کرده‌ایم. پروژه ما نه‌تنها شامل داده‌های غار هوتو می‌باشد، بلکه کاوش‌های اخیر در دو محوطۀ مهم و کلیدی دیگر، یعنی غار کمربند و تپه کمیشانی را با هم مقایسه کرده‌ایم. براساس کاوش‌های اخیر در منطقه می‌توان مدلی جدید از گذار به دورۀ میان‌سنگی به نوسنگی جنوب‌شرق دریای کاسپی پیشنهاد نمود. همچنین داده‌های اخیر نشان می‌دهد که شاید این منطقه، یکی از کانون‌های اولیۀ اهلی‌سازی حیوانات و گیاهان درنظر گرفته شود که برای تدوین این مهم باید منتظر نتایج دیگر داده‌ها باشیم.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Revisiting the Archaeological Stratigraphy of Hotu Cave, Iran: Preliminary Report of the 2021 Excavation
نویسندگان [English]
- Hassan Fazeli nashli 1
- Mojtaba Safari 2
- Roger Matthews 3
- Judith Thomalsky 4
- Jan Lentschke 4
- Mina Madihi 5
1 Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran
2 Department of Archeology, Faculty of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
3 University of Reading, UK.
4 German Archaeological Institute, Tehran Branch (DAI)
5 Department of Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
The Mesolithic period and its transition to the Neolithic period in Western Asia is one of the most important stages of human cultural evolution during which. humans gradually changed their way of life and cultural behavior. After millennia of living as mobile hunter-gatherers, these changes in human lifestyle were so significant that some scientists consider them to have triggered the Anthropocene (Smith and Zeder, 2013). Therefore, the study of the Mesolithic hunter-gatherer way of life and its transformation into a Neolithic society is crucial for investigating the first steps and possible triggers of this fundamental change. A small number of important archaeological sites in the southeastern edge of the Caspian Sea coast provide rich sequences of hunter-gatherers dating from about 15,000 to 10,000 years ago with abundant cultural materials. One of those, Hotu Cave located nearby the modern Iranian city Behshahr, was firstly described by the American anthropologist Carlton Coon in 1949 and then excavated by him in 1951. Due to various reasons, a proper report on this cave was never presented. Our new activities at the site after 70 years aim to establish a secure chronology from the Mesolithic to the Parthian period and to link obvious gaps in the cave sequence to climatic and environmental changes during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. The new excavation at Hotu Cave is not only useful to contextualize the data from the Coon excavations, but has also helped us to generate additional data to propose a regional chronology from the Mesolithic onwards. In this paper we present not only the current data on the chronology of the cave, but also all the chronological schemes attempted by scholars, which we have brought together. Our project not only includes activities in Hotu Cave, but also carried out excavations in 2022 and 2023 at the two other key sites of the relevant Mesolithic-Neolithic transitional horizon, Kamarband Cave and Komishani Tappe, which lies in front of Komishani Cave. The material culture from the recent excavations is very important in proposing a new model of the transition from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic for the Iranian highlands that goes beyond the Zagros region, which – until now – has been considered an independent core region of early domestication and Neolithization.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Southeast Caspian Sea
- Hotu Cave
- Mesolithic
- Neolithic
- Caspian Sea Mesolithic
- Caspian Sea Neolithic
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