Journal of Archaeological Studies

A Study on Designing Provision, Transfer, and Reserving Water in Halfway Caravansarais;

Mohammad Esmaeil Esmaeily jolodar; Javad Safinezhad

Volume 1, Issue 1 , January 2009, , Pages 1-20

Abstract

The contact between major settlements in the Central Plateau of Iran, especially in desert areas, was not possible without having a secure communication system. In this regard, designing ... Read More

Emergence of Pre-Governmental Institutions in Central Iranian Plateau: Ruling Lords in the Proto-Elamite Period at Pishva’s Tepe Sophalin

Mortezā Hesāri; Rūhollah Yūsefi Zoshk

Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 2010, , Pages 1-22

Abstract

The present article investigates the administrative structure of the Pottery Mound from an administrative management point of view. Data obtained from excavation of the Pottery Mound ... Read More

An Introduction to Archaeology and Politics

Bahrām Ajorlū

Volume 3, Issue 1 , July 2011, , Pages 1-13

Abstract

From the very beginning, archeology has been used by politicians for political purposes. Politicians have employed archeology to destroy or create false national or ethnic histories ... Read More

Isotopic Analysis for Ditary Regimes of Gohar- Tapeh Occupants, Mazandaran

Fahimeh Sheikh Shoaee; Seyed Mehdi Mosavi Koohpar; Hamed Vahdati Nasab

Volume 3, Issue 2 , February 2012, , Pages 1-14

Abstract

The present study relies on determination of diet by adapting analysis on carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes extracted from dental collagen of twelve human skeletons buried in Iron ... Read More

The Pottery Tradition in Khoda'afarin Territory and the Iron Age Theory of Cultural Dynamism

Bahram Ajorloo; Vahid Askarpour

Volume 4, Issue 2 , February 2013, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2013.32114

Abstract

The expansion of grey- black pottery tradition in the Iranian plateau, on the basis of Iron Age theory of cultural dynamism, was emerged by the end of the 2nd millennium BC. Such a ... Read More The expansion of grey- black pottery tradition in the Iranian plateau, on the basis of Iron Age theory of cultural dynamism, was emerged by the end of the 2nd millennium BC. Such a pottery tradition is regarded as a cultural sign to point migrants who entered in the Iranian plateau from the northern outside of Caucasus the major. According to the theory, the migrants passed the river valley of Araxes towards the south; and finally settled around the Lake Urmia and other places through the Iranian plateau. Archaeologically, therefore, such a migration should be approved just on the base of material culture affiliations which are visible in both Iranian plateau and beyond, as the Central Asia and Caucasus.Analytically, at this article, a selected group of typical ceramic wares, found from a burial mound at the Himidan village of Khoda'afarin territory, are described and compared with some samples of pottery traditions in the regions of Nakhichevan, Caucasus and Urmia. Whether they were native people or northern migrants, the results of such analyses answer to the question about the origin of the people whom were buried at the burial mound of Himidan, the Khoda'afarin territory. The pottery tradition found from the burial mound at Himidan, despite of some similarities with pottery assemblages in the NW Iranian plateau and Nakhichevan, presents local characters. Therefore, it does not fall within the Iron Age horizon of the NW Iranian plateau. But, these ceramic wares should be compared with the Qarabagh tradition of the Iron Age in the southern Caucasus. Finally, c. 900 BC is suggested for the burial mound at Himidan by the authors. Archaeologically, the Iron Age traditions around the Lake Urmia are indigenous. These traditions are not yet reported from Nakhichevan region towards the north. In addition, it is remarkable that Qarabagh tradition of the Iron Age were limited to the Southern Caucasus. Consequently, it seems that Qarabgh tradition have a local- native origin.

Classification and typological study of Sasanian-Islamic potteries of Bishapour,Case study: materials from the 9th season of excavation.

Mosayyeb Amiri; Seyed Mehdi Mousavi Kouhpar; Farhang Khademi Nadooshan

Volume 4, Issue 1 , July 2012, , Pages 1-32

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2012.35374

Abstract

Archaeological excavations at Bishapour have begun in 1921 by Asian department of Louver museum and then continued by Iranian archaeologists till 2009. The 9th season of excavation ... Read More

Deciphering an Sassanian’s Ostracon Found from Teppe Hegmataneh, Hamedan, Iran

Rasool Bashash Kanzaq

Volume 5, Issue 1 , December 2013, , Pages 1-9

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2013.35924

Abstract

The terminology of "Middle Persian" or "Parsic" for Sassanian inscriptions and writings are well known within the Iranian and foreign scholars of linguistics and archaeologists. But ... Read More

Bit Hilani

Farshid Irvani Ghadim; Morteza Hessari; Iman Afzali

Volume 5, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 1-20

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2014.50373

Abstract

This paper seeks to document the specific structural patterns of Bit Hilanis architecture which were in used in the ancient Near East from the second to the first millennium B.C. The ... Read More

Analyzing Settlement Patterns and Catchment Areas of the Chalcolithic Sites Around the Alvand Mountain in Relation to the Regional and Inter-Regional Similarities

Roya Tajbakhsh Tajbakhsh; Behzad Balmaki

Volume 6, Issue 1 , September 2014, , Pages 1-20

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2014.52669

Abstract

The revival of Chalcolithic sites have a particular importance in tracing the settlement patterns of the region, in the aegis of special biological features and replacing in environmental ... Read More

Archaeometrical and Mineralogical Studies for the Characterization of Brick Finds from Tol-e Ajori Site

Mohammad Amin Emami; Simin Aria-Nasab; Hossein Ahmadi; Alireaza Asgari-Chaverdi; Pier Francessco Callieri

Volume 6, Issue 2 , March 2015, , Pages 1-19

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.54169

Abstract

"Tol-e- Ajori" is one of the most important ancient sites that is located in Marvdasht plain and three seasons of excavations have been carried out on this site. The goal of expeditions ... Read More

New Findings on the Bead Making During the 3rd Millennium B.C. in the Rig Saray, Gav Khouni Basin, Central Iran

Mohamad Esmail Ismaeili; Zahra Kamerani; Saeed Zolghadr

Volume 7, Issue 1 , March 2015, , Pages 1-16

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.56648

Abstract

In February and March 2005, the archaeological survey of Righ Saray desert in the northern part of Varzaneh was conducted. Ancient Rigsray is an area which has been buried by the sandy ... Read More

Structural Examination and Comparison of Marble Wares of Jiroft and those from the Shahr-I Sokhta Based on the XRF, XRD‌and Petrographic Analyses

Seyed Mohamad Amin Emami; Parvin Soleymani; Maryam Akbarifard

Volume 7, Issue 2 , December 2016, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.57741

Abstract

Marble wares found in excavations in Jirof and Shahr-I Sokhta were analyzed by XRF and XRF and examined based on petrographic tests in order to reveal the structural differences. Samples ... Read More

A Typological Study of “Standing God on the Animals” Motif from the Ancient Civilizations of Mesopotamia and Asia Minor (Hittites, Sumer, Babylon and Assyria)

Saeed Ahmadi Oliaei; Mohamad Azamzadeh

Volume 8, Issue 1 , April 2016, , Pages 1-19

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2016.59486

Abstract

This paper discusses the adaptive typology of the motif “the standing god over the animal” in ancient arts of Mesopotamia and Asia Minor. The focus of attention is on Hittite ... Read More

Prehistoric Settlement Trends on the West of Lut Desert, Southeastern Iran

Nasir Eskandari; Hekmat. A Mollasalehi

Volume 8, Issue 2 , March 2017, , Pages 1-15

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2017.61722

Abstract

Twelve seasons of archaeological excavations at Bronze Age urban center of Shahdad, made possible to assign the Lut area as an important region in the archaeology of Iran Recently, ... Read More

A Structural Analysis of the Late Early Bronze Age Pottery from Kohna Shahar, West Azerbaijan, Iran

Hakimeh Afsharinezhad; Bahram Ajorloo; Ahmad Jahangiri; Mehdi Razani; Karim Alizadeh

Volume 9, Issue 1 , August 2017, , Pages 1-17

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2017.141742.142256

Abstract

Systematic excavations of 2012 and 2014 at the Early Bronze Age site of Kohna Shahar, situated in northwestern quadrant of West Azerbaijan Province, have brought to light new evidence. ... Read More

Translation in Islamic Caliphate and its Effectiveness in Transition of Sciences to Western Lands

Mehrnaz Behroozy

Volume 9, Issue 2 , April 2018, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2018.208566.142296

Abstract

Translation was indubitably one of the eminent skills of Muslims. The tendencies of society for acquiring science and craft, great attention of caliphs and fond-of-science families, ... Read More

An Archaeological View on the Industrialization of Tehran and Transformation of its Manufacturing Structures in the Late Qajar and Early Pahlavi Periods

Mohammad Esmaeil Esmaeili Jelodar; Ashkan Avvali Pooryan

Volume 10, Issue 1 , August 2018, , Pages 1-20

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2018.214183.142323

Abstract

Economic transformation is one of the most important parts of cultural system and has vital role in transformation of any social entity. For this reason, study of archaeological evolution ... Read More

The Visual Structure of Legitimacy in the Sasanian and Byzantine Works

Ghazaleh Irani Arbaty; Mohammad Khazaie

Volume 10, Issue 2 , January 2019, , Pages 1-18

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2018.68504

Abstract

The concept of legitimation in the Sasanian was formed on Khwarrah and provided a spiritual authority for their king. Khwarrah as a Godly force, due to the government communications ... Read More

Material Characteristics and Mineralogy of Celadons from the Ancient Port of Harireh, Kish Island; Trace of Maritime Trade from China to Persian Gulf

Seyed Mohammadamin Emami; Reza Khanjar; sogand naghavi

Volume 11, Issue 1 , May 2019, , Pages 1-17

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.71075

Abstract

Seven pieces of celadon from a recent excavation in the historical ruins of port of Harireh in Kish Island in Iran have been studied in order to characterize the wares. Investigations ... Read More

New Findings of prehistoric Evidence from a Rescue / Urban Archaeological Excavation in the Region of Molavi, City of Tehran

Mohammad Esmaeil Esmaeili Jelodar; Mahsa VAHABI

Volume 11, Issue 2 , October 2019, , Pages 1-18

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.73096

Abstract

In autumn 2014, sewer construction works in one of the busiest parts of Tehran yielded Islamic pottery sherds from the Safavid to Qajar periods. Following a visit by archaeologists ... Read More

The formation, the extention and the fall of the “Shapurkhast city” based on historical sources and archaeological evidences

Mahtab Eslami Nasab; Behrouz Afkhami; habib Shabazi shiran

Volume 12, Issue 3 , December 2020, , Pages 1-24

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.255895.142554

Abstract

Archaeological studies of ancient cities have a significant role in understanding their formation, their development, the fall and destruction in different historical periods. According ... Read More Archaeological studies of ancient cities have a significant role in understanding their formation, their development, the fall and destruction in different historical periods. According to the historical sources (the 10th to 14th century A.D) there has been an ancient city named Shapurkhast on the western of Iran, which its history dates back to Sasanian era. In these sources, the city has constructed by Shapur I (240-272 A.D). Life in the city had continued during the Islamic period until the 14th A.D. The city reached its peak in the 11th century AD. The remnants of the old city have been founded at south-eastern parts of the modern city of Khorram Abad especially from the excavations in 2007. The present research analyses the data derived from the historical resources and archaeological evidences in order to study and investigate the factors in settling in the area. This study deals with the formation, development and prosperity and then the fall of Shapurkhast city. The results of this study imply that the main period of occupation of Shapurkhast was Islamic era that its foundation has been made at pre-Islamic periods, and probably even Parthian era. Having appropriate environmental conditions and also lying at the middle of west to east and north to south communication routes, the south plain of Khorram Abad has potentially provided suitable living conditions for forming the city. It seems that Shapurkhast has been abandoned at the 13th or 14th A.D and modern Khorram Abad began to function as the central town of the region. Environmental and ecological conditions are the most important factors for the collapse of the city. The present study is based on a "holistic" approach and based on two categories of historical and archaeological information which has provided new information about one of the early Islamic cities in Iran. The data is based on historic sources from the 10th to 14th AD, and archaeological evidences from the excavation at southeastern Khorram Abad in 2007 and then archaeological surveys at Khorram Abad gorge in 2000 and 2016. The most important questions in this research are the following: 1. When did the settlement in the city of Shapur Khasta begin and what were the reasons for the formation of the city? 2. In what period and based on which components are the peak of prosperity and urban development introduced? 3. What were the factors that cause the collapse and fall of the city in the Middle of Islamic period and the transfer of its population to the northwest of the town? The research hypothesis is that Shapurkhast city was an important early Islamic city, which its foundation was made before of Islamic period. There has not been much research about the city of Shapurkhast from the formation to the fall. Additionally, available researches are relatively old and no new comprehensive research has been done on the city with archaeological viewpoint, and some of the reports have not been published. Therefore, we will try to use archaeological evidences, written sources and the historical maps aiming to provide suitable information about one of the unknown cities in Iran. Urban development and urbanization was formed as a manifestation of the power of the Sassanid Empire in Iran and in competition with the Roman Empire (Moqimizade, 2017). the development of urban settlements has been subject to environmental, economic and social conditions; That is, urban settlements were centers of communication, recreation, and redistribution of commercial goods to subordinate cities and states. Around the city of Shapurkhast; Suitable ecological substrates including important Zagros highlands around, rich water resources especially KhorramAbad and Karganeh rivers, flat and fertile plain south of the valley, and most importantly being located in the east-west and north-south communication routes from The main factors in the formation of settlements in the south of Khorramabad valley, followed by the formation of urban settlements. We know very little about the formation of the city. Due to the development of the Silk Road in the Parthian period and the location of the city in the communication routes east and west of the region and south to north, the urban life of Shapurkhast city probably took place in the Parthian period. Due to the existence use of the name "Shapur" in archaeological evidence, this city was developed during the Sassanid period. The existence and permanence of the king's name on the coins (Figure 14) left over from the Sassanid period certainly indicates the double and strategic importance of the city in the Sassanid period, which proves the Sassanid rule in these areas. The distribution of Sassanid sites in the Khorramabad valley is another proof of this claim (Figure 4). Our knowledge indicates that the first time, Sassanid Shapur in order to develop individual power to urban development for change the social structure of Iran, cities has undergone changes and developed and in this process the name "Shapur" on most cities as Shapurkhast "was established. Archaeological evidence from the excavation does not prove that urban development is a process, meaning that urban development has been accompanied by ups and downs. Among the reasons could be the decline of the Sassanid rule and repeated invasions of Iran. In the Islamic period from the fourth and fifth centuries onwards, when the Seljuks ruled in the Middle East in Iran, Iraq, and Asia Minor; the golden age of prosperity and development of the city began and the Seljuk’s (10th to 12th AD) of Iraq made Khorramabad one of the most important strategic points and connections with the Seljuks of Iran. The granting of coins to Al-Hasnawiyah and the existence of local coins were minted in the name of local governors clearly and significantly increase the importance of the city. In the Islamic period, this city has completely passed the urban life and has had a mosque, a mint and a government fortress. Due to its importance, the city has been repeated many times in geographical and historical books. Based on the holistic mentality in this study, important information is provided; from written historical resources including geographical and historical books and data from archaeological excavation find such as coins, pottery and the distribution of sites regarding the formation, development and fall of the city of Shapurkhast (Figure 10 and 12). The foundation of the mentioned city was laid in the Parthian period. The city was developed during the Sassanid period due to the importance of the Sassanid kings in the development of cities and their location on trade routes, and was named after Shapur, the second and most powerful Sassanid king. In the Islamic period, after a short break, we see the comprehensive development of the city and the benefit of all urban structures, especially in the Seljuk period. The city was still prosperous until the end of the 14th century AD, when due to the growth of the town of KhorramAbad, its inhabitants merged with the current KhorramAbad and continued urban life. This city has been developed with suitable environmental conditions and being located on ancient roads and has been one of the important cities of the region in the Islamic era. During the patriarchal period, ecological and environmental conditions were among the most important factors in the abandonment of the city.

The Hasanlu VII Culture in the Southern Lake Urmia Basin, Northwest Iran: A New Archaeological Outline

Qader Ebrahimi; Reza Rezaloo; Michael Danti; Ardeshir Javanmardzadeh; Akbar Abedi

Volume 12, Issue 4 , May 2021, , Pages 1-22

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.311746.142936

Abstract

Hasanlu archaeological joint project in partnership with Iranian-American archaeologist is the one of the rare long-term archaeological projects carried out in northwest of Iran. ... Read More

Investigation of the Cultural Changes of the Zarandeh Region from the Chalcolithic to Islamic Period

Hanan Bahrani pour; Mozhgan Khanmoradi

Volume 13, Issue 1 , July 2021, , Pages 1-22

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.285834.142755

Abstract

(1-22) The Zarandieh county is located in north of Markazi province and northwest Central Plateau of Iran (Figure 1). The capital of the county is Mamuniyeh and this city is located ... Read More (1-22) The Zarandieh county is located in north of Markazi province and northwest Central Plateau of Iran (Figure 1). The capital of the county is Mamuniyeh and this city is located 80 km from Tehran and 30 km from Saveh. From archaeological point of view, this region is located between Central Zagros mountainous and Central Plateau of Iran. Despite of its proximity well known regions of Central Zagros mountainous and Central Plateau of Iran, it is archaeologically poorly known. Our information about the archaeology of Zarandieh region is restricted to Azem zadeh᾽s work in 1970s, who conducted 3 season archaeological survey in the Saveh and Zarandieh region. Then R. Rezalo conducted a systematic survey at Qhaznak Tape in 2001. Other archaeological activities include the sounding and excavation at Meshken Tape in 2007 and 2008 by Nouri shadmahani and M. Nemati and also excavation and systematic survey at Qhaznak Tape in 2007. In 2008, an archaeological survey conducted by Hanan Bahranipour mainly to identify the settlements pattern and recording of archaeological sites of Zarandieh region. The most important aim of the first season of archaeological survey was identification of the possible sites in this landscape, providing the archaeological map of the area and completing the previous archaeological survey. This project has been directed by intensive survey and also information gathered from local people to recognized and register ancient sites; the process of sampling the uncovered sites was then carried out by collecting typical finds which finally resulted in identification of ancient sites. Despite the number of known settlement sites, so far no systematic archaeological studies have been done on this period and the different aspects of these settlements are unknown. The one season of the survey and exploration resulted in the identification of 99 sites in Zarandieh region (Figure 3). Results from survey areas document a sequence of occupation from prehistory to the Late Islamic period. Among them, 19 sites belonged to prehistoric period (Figure 4), 6 sites (Figure 8) to historical period (Parthian and Sasanian periods) and 84 sites belonging to Islamic period (Figure 10). Islamic sites include big sites, mound, mosque, Imamzādeh, bridge, ice- house, caravansary, cistern, fortress, cemetery, bath, Pigeon tower and etc.The present study is based on two categories of historical and archaeological information which has provided new information about Zarandieh region. The study method included fieldwork and secondary research with a descriptive–analytical approach. Extent, spatial distribution of the sites and introduce different cultural periods of the Zharandieh region and their continuity and discontinuance was the other aims of this study. Geomorphological observations suggest that number of the sites has been located on natural hills (Figure 2). All prehistoric sites are located just near seasonal or perennial streams or rivers. According to the surface materials (such as pottery, lithic, tail, clay pipes (Tanpusheh) and so on) and architectural character or style the mentioned sites belonging to Chalcolithic era to the late Islamic period. Most of sites were being introduced for the first time. However, the some sites, including most notably Gobur qaleh Si, Qaleh garbi Varame and Qaleh shargi contain cultural remains from multiple occupations. We could not identify the Paleolithic and Neolithic episodes yet. But in 2007, Nemati discovered a Paleolithic open site. Zarandieh region divided in to two main zones of plain and mountains. This area contains sequential settlements beginning right from prehistoric period till the late Islamic period. The recorded sites and monuments mostly are located in Zarandieh plain and Kharaghan mountain foothill. Chalcolithic period trace is recognized in 8 sites. The ceramic assemblage of this period can be divided into two major groups: Buff Ware and red Ware; the former contains both plain and painted ceramic. These samples are comparable to ceramics obtained from sites in the Central Plateau and central Zagros such as Tape Sialk in the Kashan Plain, Godin tape in Kangavar plain, Tape Sagz Abad and Tape Ghabrestan in the Qazvin Plain, Tape Qelā Gap and Shat Ghilah in Malayer. In the Bronze period, number of the sites decrease and Tape Gaznak is the largest site in this period. The area of occupation is more than 20 Hectar. The presence of deformed pottery pots and furnace residue are the evidences of pottery production in this area. Also a very large ocher mine is located near this site. Evidence of metal slag has been found in this area. Based on this survey it seems that during historical period number of sites is rare and the number decreases. We identified no site of The Achaemenid and Seleucid period. We identified only 6 sites belong to Parthian and Sasanian periods. Parthian ceramics are varies from buff, orange to red type. A number of these ceramics have mostly impress, curved and raised decorations (Figure 9). Also these types of ceramics show the cultural relations with Qale’ Yazdgird, Khurhe, Parthian domain of Bisotun and Sang-e Shir Cemetery in Hamedan and etc. Most surveyed sites dated to the Islamic period, mainly middle and late Islamic period. In the Islamic period, the number increases drastically, reaching 84. It seems that in this period, the sites are located mostly in side plain. The sites including settlements, mosque, Imam zādeh, bridge, ice- house, caravansary, watering place, fortress, cemetery, bath, Pigeon tower and small and large mounded sites. In this period, the human settlements have been focused on the rivers and water resources for example Qanats. The Zarandieh region populated during the Islamic period and formed towns and villages in Zarandieh plain. The recorded sites mostly belong to Seljuk period and Ilkhanid era. One of the major cities of Iran, which was on the Silk Road, is Moshkoye located between Hamedan, Saveh and Rayy. Based on historical and archeological evidences (for example pottery and architecture) one site proposed as the probable location of the city which is Moshkin Tape in Zarandieh township. Moshkin Tape has been most important in regard to settlement patterns from 10 to 13 century A.D. The name of the city of Moshkoye appears in the books of authors such as Ibn Hawqal, Ibn ḵurdādbih, Ibn Rusta, Istakhri, Jayhani, Maghdasi and so on. In Islamic period, presence of ceramic tripods, plugs (stoppers) and deformed fragments attest to their local production at Moshkin Tape (Figure 11), Tape Abdollah Abad and Tape Shirin Chai. The ceramic types in Zarandieh region include the unglazed simple wares, molded wares, monochrome glaze, added motifs, wares, Sgraffiato, splashed glaze wares, lusterware. The distribution of the sites and their positions compare to the Rivers (Shirin Rood, Adramneh Chai, Rood Shur, and Maasum Rood) indicate that these rivers have played an important role for the populations who used to live in this geographical region during the prehistoric to Islamic times. The investigation is not now complete and the considerable amount of material and data and excavation of the major sites is currently being studied leading to full publication of the results. Inquiring into the features of the recognized sites, this article focuses on cultural periods and the nature of their settlement patterns. The results of the survey of Zarandieh County promise a clear outlook on the oncoming archaeological research projects depending on the pre- defined questions which certainly will be followed by brilliant consequences.

Post-Achaemenid Funerary Landscape of Marvdasht Plain: A Survey of Rock-cut Memorial Burials in The Southeastern Half of the Plain

Ehsan Ahmadinya; shahrokh razmjou

Volume 13, Issue 2 , September 2021, , Pages 1-23

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.296495.142840

Abstract

Along the foothills of the Marvdasht plain, a significant number of rock-cut burial monuments have been made during the Achaemenid to early Islamic period. These burials are made in ... Read More Along the foothills of the Marvdasht plain, a significant number of rock-cut burial monuments have been made during the Achaemenid to early Islamic period. These burials are made in various forms which with the exception of the royal tombs and some samples with the middle persian inscription, the chronology of the rest of the samples is in dispute. By performing the archaeological field survey with the aim of determination the funeral monuments attributable to the post-Achaemenid period, the authors, in addition to accurately describing the structural description of such samples, has thoroughly analyzed all the cited chronological evidence. These cited evidence are: Structural and spatial patterns, studying the stone-cutting tools, decorations, surveying the peripheral boundary within a radius of about 1 km in order to place the monuments in the relevant archaeological context, as well as assisting negative reasoning Instead of positive reasoning. In negative reasoning, In order to prove the chronology, instead of presenting positive evidence in favor of post-Achaemenidchronology, we present reasons that negate the Achaemenid and Sassanid chronology. This article deals only with the southeastern half of the plain, the southern and western foothills of Rahmat Mountain, and in another article we will address the northeast half of the plain. Based on the surveys conducted in line with the present study, the remains of the rock-cut burials in the eastern half of the Marvdasht plain are located without exception on the southern and western slopes of Rahmat Mountain. These studies have also shown that the burial complexes of Tang-e Zendan, Akhor-e Rostam, North Barzan and Laneh Tavous can most likely be dated to the post-Achaemenid period. In an interpretive and general conclusion, it can be argued that the rock-cut burials that can be dated to the post-Achaemenid period in the Marvdasht plain, like any other period or place, imprimis considered as a type of dignitizad burial which were made and used for members of powerful families in the highest level of social power pyramid. Monuments that on the one hand increased credibility, legitimacy and power of mentioned families among the indigenous population and other regional powers. On the other hand, these evidence were considered as a valid document for aristocrats dynastic descendants to acquire and maintain dominion over their ancestral estates. In this way, they could continue to dominate the ancestral property in the future

Static Review of the so-Called Ark-e-Alishah A Critical Assessment toward the Islamic World's Longest Span

Mansour Hoseinpour Mizab; Mehdi Mohammadzadeh; Amin Moradi

Volume 13, Issue 3 , September 2021, , Pages 1-22

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.278863.142698

Abstract

Based on the results of preceding research in the field of architectural history and archeology; the largest brick arch in the Islamic world during Ilkhanid era (1256-1353 AD), in the ... Read More Based on the results of preceding research in the field of architectural history and archeology; the largest brick arch in the Islamic world during Ilkhanid era (1256-1353 AD), in the remains of so-called Alishah Gilani, Minister of sultan Muhammad Khodabandeh Öljaitü, and in the city of Tabriz has been erected. In the present survey, by providing the structural weakness of the architectural volume of the building attributed to Alishah to execute such a huge arch in a span of thirty meter, while the previous studies have been questioned, the incompatibility of modern architectural remains with the mosque in historical texts has been confirmed. With this pre-assumption that the U-shape structure had been considered to create a brick arch of a huge architectural project; clarifying the statically limitations of the mentioned building in terms of the impossibility of creating any kind of arch or vault in the mentioned span would shed new lights on the identity of this structure. After responding to the question of static feasibility of any kind of arch or vault in the so-called Ark-e-Alishah and besides static analyses, what paradox of historical engineering does the results highlight is that the tension result of loading due to any kind of arch would exceed the mechanical potentials of structure's buckling capacities, causing gross deformation and fracture of vertical units under any conditions. From this point of view, there has never been any kind of arch nor vault in this building anytime - The engraving drawn by Jean Chardin seems to represent an accurate picture of the Alishah building before the new southern part was annexed to it, and the connection of the southern part took place after the early seventeenth century (the year this engraving was drawn)– and in other words, what is known as today’s remnants of the so-called Ark-e-Alishah is in the complete contradiction with what is known as Ali-Shah Mosque including a great brick arch

Volume 16 (2024)

Volume 15 (2023)

Volume 14 (2022)

Volume 13 (2021)

Volume 12 (2020)

Volume 11 (2019)

Volume 10 (2018)

Volume 9 (2017)

Volume 8 (2016)

Volume 7 (2015)

Volume 6 (2014)

Volume 5 (2013)

Volume 4 (2012)

Volume 3 (2011)

Volume 1 (2009)

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