نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 Ph.D in Geomorphology, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

2 Associate Professorof of Geomorphology, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

3 ssociate Professorof of Geomorphology, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

4 Professorof of Geomorphology, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده

The presence of water resources, particularly rivers, significantly influences site selection. Throughout history, settling near rivers has brought numerous advantages, but it has also posed certain risks. This study focuses on the sub-basins southeast of the Caspian Sea. Initially, we explore the connection between the layout of ancient settlements and the drainage networks. Additionally, we analyze the relationship between flood risk and the settlement patterns of these ancient sites by estimating the flooding risk based on linear, areal, and relief aspects. This research marks the first time such an analysis has been conducted. The findings underscore the importance of proximity to rivers in site selection, with areas close to rivers with lower stream orders being the most favorable for settlements. The study reveals a decrease in the frequency of sites near higher stream orders in relation to flooding risk. Conversely, there is an increase in the frequency and density of ancient sites near the first stream orders and at greater distances from the rivers, coinciding with an elevated flooding risk in the sub-basins. These results indicate that the inhabitants of the southeastern areas of the Caspian Sea sub-basins were cognizant of the flooding danger and factored it into their decision-making when selecting settlement sites

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Settlement Pattern of the Ancient Sites of the Southeastern Sub-Basins of the Caspian Sea, from a Hydro Geomorphological Perspective

نویسندگان [English]

  • Afsaneh Ehdaei 1
  • Mehran Maghsoudi 2
  • Seyed Mohammad Zamanzadeh 3
  • Mojtaba Yamani 4

1 Ph.D in Geomorphology, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

2 Associate Professorof of Geomorphology, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

3 ssociate Professorof of Geomorphology, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

4 Professorof of Geomorphology, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

The presence of water resources, particularly rivers, significantly influences site selection. Throughout history, settling near rivers has brought numerous advantages, but it has also posed certain risks. This study focuses on the sub-basins southeast of the Caspian Sea. Initially, we explore the connection between the layout of ancient settlements and the drainage networks. Additionally, we analyze the relationship between flood risk and the settlement patterns of these ancient sites by estimating the flooding risk based on linear, areal, and relief aspects. This research marks the first time such an analysis has been conducted. The findings underscore the importance of proximity to rivers in site selection, with areas close to rivers with lower stream orders being the most favorable for settlements. The study reveals a decrease in the frequency of sites near higher stream orders in relation to flooding risk. Conversely, there is an increase in the frequency and density of ancient sites near the first stream orders and at greater distances from the rivers, coinciding with an elevated flooding risk in the sub-basins. These results indicate that the inhabitants of the southeastern areas of the Caspian Sea sub-basins were cognizant of the flooding danger and factored it into their decision-making when selecting settlement sites

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Geoarchaeology
  • Settlement Pattern
  • Hydro geomorphology
  • Flood
  • southeastern of the Caspian Sea
Abdideh. M,  Qorashi. M, Rangzan. K, Aryan. M, 2011, Assessment of Relative Active Tectonics using Morphometric Analysis, Case Study of Dez River (Southwestern, Iran), Geosciences Scientific Quarterly Journal, vol:20, Issue:80, pp.33-46.[in Persian].
Aher. P, Adinarayana. J, Gorantiwar. S.D, 2014, Quantification of morphometric characterization and prioritization for management planning in semi-arid tropics of India: A remote sensing and GIS approach, Journal of Hydrology, vol:511, pp.850-860
Alizadeh. A, 2008, Principles of applied hydrology, Imam Reza Publisher.[in Persian].
Balbo. A, Persson. P, Roberts. S, 2010, Changes in settlement patterns on the River Rena, southeast Norway: A response to Holocene climate change?, The Holocene, pp.917–929
Billman. B.R., Feinman, G.M. (Eds.), 1999, Settlement Pattern Studies in the Americas: Fifty Years since Virú, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC
Chandrashekar H, Lokesh K V, Sameena M, Roopa J and Ranganna G,2015, Proc. Int. Conf. on Water Resources, Coastal and Ocean Engineering (Mangalore), Vol:4, pp.1345-1353
Choubin. B, solaimani. k, Habibnejad Roshan. M, Malekian. Arash, 2018, Classification of Karkheh watershed based on spatio-physical indices using fuzzy approach, Geographical Information (Sepehr), Vol:27, Issue:107, pp.85-98.[in Persian].
Choudhari. P.P, Nigam. Gaurav K, Singh. Sudhir Kumar, Thakur. Sapana, 2018, Morphometric based prioritization of watershed for groundwater potential of Mula river basin, Maharashtra, India, GeoloGy, ecoloGy, and landscapes, Vol:2, pp.256-267
Ehdaei. A, Maghsoudi. M, Zamanzadeh. S. M, Yamani. M, Fazeli Nashli. H, 2022, Investigating the relationship between geomorphic factors and Paleo sea-level changes in the Caspian Sea with the settlement pattern of ancient sites in the east of Mazandaran province, Quantitative Geomorphological Research, Vol:11, Issue:1, pp.210-229 (in Persian)
Eslamian S.S,  Mehrabi A, 2005, Identifying emperical equations for time of concentration in mountainous watersheds, Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources,  Vol:12, Issue:5, PP. 36-45.[in Persian].
Ginau. A, Schiestl. R, Wunderlich. J, 2018, Integrative geoarchaeological research on settlement patterns in the dynamic landscape of the northwestern Nile delta, Quaternary International
Giandotti. M., 1934, Previsione delle piene e delle magre dei corsi d’acqua, Memorie e Studi Idrografici. Roma, Ministero dei Lavori Pubblici.
Goudie. A, 2004, Encyclopedia of Geomorphology, Routledge; 1st edition
Graf. W,1975, A Cumulative Stream-ordering System, Geographical Analysis, pp. 335-340
Gregory. K.J, Walling. D.E, 1973, Drainage Basin Form and Process, Halsted, New York.
Haburaj. V, Berking. J, BeresfordJones. D, Knitter. D, Zeki. L, Sturt. F, Pullen. A. Huaman. O, Lane. K, French. Ch, 2017, Geo-statistical methods to analyse changes in pre-Hispanic settlement patterns in the Río Ica catchment, Peru, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, Vol:12, pp.272_287
Hadley. R. & Schumm. S, 1961, Sediment sources and drainage basin characteristics in upper Cheyenne river basin, US Geological Survey Water-supply Paper, pp.1531-198
Harvey. C.A, Eash. D.A, 1996, Description, instructions, and verification for Basinsoft, a computer program to quantify drainage-basin characteristics, Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4287, US Geological Survey, IA
Heydari. N, Abbasnejad Seresti. R, Safari. M, 2021, Analysis settlement patterns of prehistoric sites of Mazandaran, Journal of Archaeological Studies, Vol:12, pp.71-88
Hill. C, Rapp. G, Jing. Z, Alluvial Stratigraphy and Geoarchaeology in the Big Fork River Valley, Minnesota, 2011, Human Response to Late Holocene Environmental Change, Anthropology Faculty Publications and Presentations, Department of Anthropology, pp.1-22
Horton. R.E, 1932, Drainage basin characteristics, Transactions American Geophysical Union, Vl:13, pp.350–361
Horton. R.E, 1945, Erosional development of streams and their drainage density: hydrophysicalapproach to quantitative geomorphology. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull, pp.275-370
Kardavani. P, the problems of waters in Iran, Vol:1, 2007, university of Tehran Press. pp.1-419 .[in Persian].
Kowalewski. S.A, 2008, Regional settlement pattern studies. Journal of Archaeological Research 16, pp.225–285
Kumar. A, Jayappa, K, & Deepika, B, 2011, Prioritization of sub-basins based on geomorphology and morphometric analysis using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques, Geocarto International, 26, pp.569–592
Jahani. M , Hosseini Beheshti. S.M.R, Talebzadeh, H , Ghavam S. M, 2015, Mystical Analysis of the Hazards, Environmental Hazards Management,  Vol:2, Issue:2, pp.191-206.[in Persian].
Jedari Eyvazi. J,2007, Geography of Waters, university of Tehran Press. pp.1-168.[in Persian].
JIA. X, Yi. S, SUN. Y, WU. Sh, LEE. H, WANG. Lin, LU. Huayu, 2016, Spatial and temporal variations in prehistoric human settlement and their influencing factors on the south bank of the Xar Moron River, Northeastern China, Frontiers of Earth Science, pp.1-11
Linsley. R.K., Kohler, M.A, Paulhus. L.H., 1988, Hydrology for Engineers, McGraw-Hill, London.
Mahdavi. M, 2008, An introduction to rural geography in Iran, vol:1, Samt Publisher, pp.1-217 .[in Persian].
Miller. V.C, 1953, A quantitative geomorphic study of drainage basin characteristics in the Clinch mountain area Virginia and Tennessee (Proj. NR, Technical Report 3), New York, NY: Department of Geology, ONR, Columbia University, Virginia and Tennessee, pp.389-402
Maghsoudi. M , Fazeli Nashli. H,  Azizi. Gh, Gillmore. G, Schmit. A, 2013, Geoarchaeology of Alluvial Fans: A Case Study from Jajroud and Hajiarab Alluvial Fans in Iran, Physical Geography Research Quarterly, Vol:44, Issue:82 .[in Persian].
Maghsoudi. M,  Zamanzadeh. S. M., Fazeli Nashli. H,  Yousefi Zoshk. R, Chazghe. S,  Ahmadpour. H, 2014, The Impact of Drainage Systems in the Selection of Site locations Case Study: Meymon Abad Sites, Journal of Archaeological Studies, Vol:5, Issue:2, pp.145-161 .[in Persian].
Maghsoudi. M,  Zamanzadeh. S. M.,  Ehdaei. A,  Yousefi Zoshk. R,  Yamani. M, 2016, Analysis of the role of environmental factors in site selecting of prehistoric settlements in Varamin Plain with usage fuzzy logic, Journal of Spatial Planning, Vol:19, Issue:3, pp.233-261.[in Persian].
Maghsoudi. M, Sharafi. S,  Yamani. M,  Zamanzadeh. S. M, 2016, The formation of Saymareh Dam Lake and its impact on the settlement's pattern of archaeological sites, Quaternery journal of Iran, Vol:2, Issue:6, pp.93-107.[in Persian].
Maghsoudi. M, Sharafi. S,  Yamani. M,  Moghaddam. A, Zamanzadeh. S. M, 2015, Environmental changes after the occurance of kabir kuh landslide and its impact on the formation of archaeological sites in Jaydar lake area, Quaternery journal of Iran, Vol:1, Issue:1, pp.1-14.[in Persian].
Maghsoudi. M, Kamrani Dalir, H, Hashemi. M, 2019, The effect of environmental factors on the location of ancient sites around the ancient northern lakes of the desert plain (Holocene), Quaternery journal of Iran, Vol:5, Issue:18, pp.263 – 277.[in Persian].
Maghsoudi. M,  Zamanzadeh. S. M,  Ehdaei. A,  Yousefi Zoshk. R,  Yamani. M, 2015, Analysis of the role of the ancient channels of the Jajroud river in the location of Chaltasian ancient site in Varamin plain, researches in Earth science, Vol:5, Issue 4, pp.1-15.[in Persian].
Maghsoudi. M, Eskandari. N, Ehdaei. A, Moradi. A, Eskandari. A, 2017, Geoarchaeological Preliminary Study of the West of Dasht-e-Lut, prehistoric cultures of the West of Lut plain, National Museum of Iran .[in Persian].
Moghimi. E, 2015, Hazards Science, university of Tehran Press. pp.1-255.[in Persian].
Mousavi Kouhpar. S.M, 2008, Descriptive report of archaeological investigation in order to prepare the archaeological map of Mazandaran, Library Archives of the Research Institute of Archareeology of Iran, unpublished .[in Persian].
Mousavi Kouhpar. S.M, Heydarian. M, Aghayari Hirm, Vahdatinasab. H., Khatib. Shahidih Naistani. J, 2011, The Analysis of the Role of Natural Factors in Spatial Distribution of Archaeological Sites, in Mazandaran Province, Physical Geography Research Quarterly, Vol:43, Issue:75, pp.1-26.[in Persian].
Mousavi Haji. R, Makundi. B, 2010, Shileh River and its impact on human settlements in the region, Proceedings of the Fourth Congress of Geographers of the Islamic World, Zahedan, Iran .[in Persian].
Naderi. M, Raeisi. E, Talebian. M. H, 2014, Effect of extreme floods on the archaeological sites of Persepolis and Naghsh-e-Rostam, Iran, Jornal of performance of constructed facilities, pp.502-510
Neely. J. A, and H. T. Wright, 1994, Early Settlement and Irrigation on the Deh Luran Plain: Village and Early State Societies in Southwestern Iran, University of Michigan Museum.
Pilgrim. D.H, 1989. Rational methods for estimation of design floods for small to medium sized drainage basins in Australia, The International Association of Hydrological Sciences, pp.247-259
Price. B, 1978, Secondary State Formation: An Explanatory Model, In Origins of the State, edited by R. Cohen and E. Service, Philadelphia, Institute for Study of Human Issues, pp. 161-86
Rashidian. E, 2021, Geoarchaeological Investigations in Southwestern Iran; A Case-study for the Human-Environment Interaction in the Riverine Landscape of Greater Susiana During the Fifth to Second Millennium BCE, Parseh Journal of Archaeological Studies, Vol:5, Issue:15, pp.7-30.[in Persian].
Rahmati. O, Tahmasebipour. N, Pourghasemi. H. R, 2015, Sub-watershed flooding prioritization using morphometric and correlation analysis (Case study: Golestan Watershed), Iranian Journal of Eco Hydrology, Vol:2, Issue:2, pp.151-161.[in Persian].
Renfrew. C, Bahn. P, 2000, Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice, London
Renfrew. C, 2003, Retrospect and prospect: Mediterranean archaeology in a new millennium. In: Papadopoulos, J.K., Leventhal, R.M. (Eds.), Theory and Practice in Mediterranean Archaeology. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA, Los Angeles, pp.311–318
Saidi. A, 2007, the principles of rural geography, Samt Publisher, pp.1-166.[in Persian].
Strahler. A.N, 1957, Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology, Transactions American, Geophysical Union, Vol:38, pp.913–920
Strahler. A.N, 1964, Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel networks.In: V.T. Chow (Ed.), Handbook ofApplied Hydrology, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp.4.39-4.76
Schumm. S.A, 1956, Evolution of drainage systems and slopes in Badlands at Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol:67, pp.597-646
Sharifi. M,  Shirazi. R,   Mousavi Kouhpar. S. M, Mahfroozi. A, 2016, Identifying the Settlement Patterns of East Mazandaran during the Chalcolithic Period, Pazhohesh-ha-ye Bastanshenasi Iran, Vol:6, Issue:10, pp.47-66.[in Persian].
Sukristiyanti. S, Mariaand. R, Lestiana. H., 2018, Watershed-based Morphometric Analysis: A Review, Global Colloquium on GeoSciences and Engineering, Earth and Environmental Science, pp.1-5
The Gazetteer of rivers in the I.R of Iran, Caspian Sea watershed, 2003, national geograpphic organization publication, pp.1-343.[in Persian].
Ur. J, 2002, Settlement and Landscape in Northern Mesopotamia: The Tell Hamoukar Survey 2000-2001. Akkadica, Vol:123, pp.57-88.
Waika. M.L, Aditya. P, Nilawar, 2014, Morphometric Analysis of a Drainage Basin Using Geographical Information System: A Case study, International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research, pp.179-184
Yadav. S.K., Singh. S.K., Gupta. M., & Srivastava. P.K, 2014, Morphometric analysis of Upper Tons basin from Northern Foreland of Peninsular India using CARTOSAT satellite and GIS. Geocarto International, Vol:29, pp. 895–914
Ziaei. H, 1991, Application of statistical laws in engineering hydrology, Jahad Daneshgahi Publisher, pp.1-334 .[in Persian].