Journal of Archaeological Studies

Forging historical and cultural monuments in Iran

mohamad reza zahedi; hasan karimian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.285309.142753

Abstract

Since the beginning of the Enlightenment, since the beginning of the 18th century and the formation of museums, galleries and private collections, museums and galleries, it is necessary ... Read More

Maritime trade between Iran and China in the first to tenth centuries AH based on the excavated pottery from the Persian Gulf region

tayebe rahimi; hassan karimiyan; kazem omidi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 December 2023

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2023.364689.143229

Abstract

Evidence has shown that the history of communication between the people of Iran and China goes back long before the rise of Islam. Attested by textual sources and archeological documents, ... Read More

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Reflection of Zaydi Shia Beliefs on Alid Coins of Tabaristan

Fatemeh Gholizadeh; Hasan Karimian; Javad Neyestani

Volume 15, Issue 1 , April 2023, , Pages 161-182

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2021.293180.142809

Abstract

The migration of Alid’s Sadat to Tabaristan and Daylam that was the result of pressure of the Abbasid caliphs, along with the subsequent uprising of Yahya bin Abdullah in Daylam ... Read More

Historical Developments of Natanz City Based on the Written Sources and Architectural Evidence

Seyedeh Sara Mohammadi; hassan karimian; mohsen javeri

Volume 14, Issue 1 , June 2022, , Pages 53-81

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2020.308552.142916

Abstract

As it appears from historical texts, the favourable bioclimatic conditions of the Natanz region and its location in the communication network of Iran’s central plateau, have provided ... Read More As it appears from historical texts, the favourable bioclimatic conditions of the Natanz region and its location in the communication network of Iran’s central plateau, have provided the ground for the formation of numerous settlements, as well as diverse and yet valuable architectural works. Presence of pre-Islamic ancient sites (Such as Arisman ancient site, fire temple, castle, karezes) and also monuments from the Islamic era in Natanz (Such as Juma Mosque, Sheikh Abdul Samad Complex and collections of public, commercial and residential monuments), have turned this city into one of the most valuable ancient settlements in the country; highlighting the importance of the region from prehistoric up to the present century. According to published sources, Natanz's socio-political developments in early-Islamic centuries were influenced by the changes that occurred in the cities of Isfahan and Kashan. Also, the brilliant effects of the historical monuments of Kashan and Isfahan cities have caused the neglect of the monuments of the city of Natanz by tourists and historians of different periods. Neglect that has also affected archaeological, urban, architectural and historical research. The authors have tried to determine the evolution of the city of Natanz, relying on the written sources, in order to identify the factors and events that have influenced the formation and development of this city. Results of the present study revealed that the construction history of this city can be traced back to the Sasanian Empire. Moreover, it became clear that Natanz’s location on the communication network of Iran’s central plateau and It has been one of the centers of caravans crossing and trade and the Central Plateau of Iran, and also its geographical location, environmental conditions and the special defensive function of the natanz city Its importance in different historical periods, especially the Ilkhanid and Safavid periods it has figured

Sirjan, One of the Glassmaking Centers in Southeast Iran in Early Islamic Centuries: Classification and Typology of the Glassware of Old City of Sirjan

Hasan Karimiyan; Zeinab Afzali

Volume 13, Issue 3 , September 2021, , Pages 265-286

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.282139.142721

Abstract

The Old City of Sirjan site that is located about 11 km southeast of present-day Sirjan is the remains of the city from the Sassanid period to Middle Islamic centuries, which has been ... Read More The Old City of Sirjan site that is located about 11 km southeast of present-day Sirjan is the remains of the city from the Sassanid period to Middle Islamic centuries, which has been mentioned in historical and geographical sources as the capital of Kerman Province. All written historical sources highlight the political and cultural significance of this city in southeastern Iran in early Islamic centuries. Despite the fact that the Old City of Sirjan played a key role in the early Islamic centuries as the seat of Kerman province, archaeological studies on this city are still very rare. Written sources provide valuable information regarding this era; however, issues such as social structure, economic and cultural activities of the residents have been neglected. During the studies carried out by the authors of this paper on the arena of the city, considerable and variety of cultural material including pottery and glassware pieces were discovered. The volume variety of these discoveries raised questions as to the time and place of crafting, living of the craftsmen, industrial workshops, crafting and decoration techniques and artistic aspects of these remains. Current study aims to present the classification, typology and relative chronology of the glassware found in the arena of Old City of Sirjan this is done in order to determine their technical and decorative characteristics and compare the acquired data with those of the adjacent areas in the early Islamic centuries. The data were obtained through systematic surface survey and were evaluated using a descriptive-analytical methodology. The study revealed that the Old City of Sirjan glassware were produced through free blowing or blowing into the mould and were decorated through techniques such as moulded patterns, sculpture, carvings and stamping. The mass production of glassware in the old Sirjan proves that during 3rd - 5th AH, the city of Sirjan acted as the great prosperity center for glassware products

Study of the Evolution of Finny Tower Tombs in Islamic Architecture: the Case Study of Azhar Tower of Dargazin, Iran

Reza Nazari arshad; Hassan Karimian

Volume 13, Issue 1 , July 2021, , Pages 211-234

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.290416.142790

Abstract

Architecture is among the important branches of art and civilization and architectural structures, beside their practical uses, have also served as the ground for the emergence of different ... Read More Architecture is among the important branches of art and civilization and architectural structures, beside their practical uses, have also served as the ground for the emergence of different arts and as indications of the grand status and glories of their founders. Among the various branches of architecture, tomb structures and funeral monuments have long played significant roles in culture, civilization and society of Iran and also have occupied an essential place in the history of our architecture. Therefore, beside the mosques, shrines have been the most popular public buildings in Iran and have entered the cultural tissues of Iranian life and society. A large portion of the evolution of architecture in Islamic era can be traced in the holy shrines and tombs. The formation, identity and being of these buildings are often closely connected with great local, national, political and religious leaders and characters. Thee architectural monuments also deserve scholarly studies in terms of their artistic, social, historical, cultural and religious aspects. Caring for shrines and building them is related to belief in hereafter, desire for immortality and love of followers and lovers of the deceased persons. Building of such places which come under various names such as “burial place”, “shrine”, “sanctuary”, “sanctum”, “receptacle”, “tomb”, “sepulcher”, “tower”, “imamzadeh”, etc. roughly began in 4th century A H. and became then more prevalent is eastern and northern Iran through the practice and believes of various sects and dynasties. The process became especially popular during the Shite dynasties such as Alavids (250-360 A H), and Buwayhids (320-447 A. H.) whose political power and rule helped the building of such places, shrines and tombs more than ever. In the Islamic societies of middle centuries, shrines found a very high stature among the masses and ordinary religious people. Interestingly, building shrines for great religious and social leaders has been more passionately pursued in Iran than in other Islamic countries so that, Ernst Diez, the Austrian art historian, “such buildings are the most popular and prevalent in Islamic Iran.” In fact, it was for the grand status and importance of such places that the first major undertaking that kings did after succession, was erecting graves and shrines for themselves and their fathers and relatives so as to be redeemed by God and gain an everlasting fame and name. Regarding their shape and format, sepulchers are basically divided into two forms: tower tombs and non-tower (rectangles tombs). A large portion of the shrines in Islamic era are tower tombs which have different shapes such as circular, multisided and finny, and also have common features such as a tall outside tower, and in them, emphasis is on the altitude not the extent of the building. Although some scholars have tried to work out a justification for the birth and building of tower tombs, none has ever come up with an all-satisfying evidence for the formation of such building along with the Islamic traditions governing them. In Hamadan province, Iran, there are some tower tombs from different Islamic eras, such as Ghorban Tower, Baba Hossein Tower in Malayer, Hayaquq Tower Tomb, etc. in the present study, we have undertaken to introduce one such tower tomb and describe its architectural and archeological characteristics; that is “Azhar Tower” that is located at the Dargazin section of Razan city, Hamadan Province. The city is situated at the north of Hamadan province and has many historical and cultural works belonging to different historical epochs, mostly Islamic era. The tower tomb with finny shape ,also called AzharImamzadeh, is one of the works from the Islamic era, but has not so far been comprehensively studied and there exists still many ambiguities about its history and being. The present study, thus, aims at considering the structural features of this building, its decorative elements, architectural innovations, and finding about the identity of the person buried under it. It also intends to consider this tomb as one of the few tower tombs with a finny shape and a star-like base for the tower, and comparing it with similar buildings in order to trace the mutual influences exchanged between it and similar forms both before and after its date. The research methodology applied for this purpose is an archeological case studythrough a descriptive-analytic study alongside using written sources such as historical and geographical documents and travelogues. The main questions posed by the project are: 1- in which historical age was the Azghar Tower built and with which similar architectural works can it be compared? 2- What are the innovations, and the architectural and decorative elements of the Tower? 3- Regarding the great importance of the Dargazin region in different historical eras, especially in middle Islamic epochs and the great sociopolitical people that have emerged in this region, what can be known about the identity of the person buried in there? The final results of the study show that the Azhar Tower Tomb dates back to the first half of the eighth century A. H. when the Ilkhanate (654-750 A H). Also, as the last tower shrine with a finny design in the history of Iranian Islamic architecture, it had been built based on the architectural and decorative forms dominant in the Ilkhanate age, and had been affected by some tower tombs in the central and northern parts of Iran, particularly, Imamzadeh Abdullah, and Ubayd Allah of Damavand, and the Bastam Tower. It is also most probable that the Azhar Tower was built for the burial of one of the outstanding man of the Dargazin region, named Sheik Sharaf-o-AldinDargazini.

Identifying the Location of Ziz City Using Historical Sources and Archaeological Surveys

daivid pakbaz; javad neyestani; Hasan Karimian

Volume 11, Issue 2 , October 2019, , Pages 37-56

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2019.73098

Abstract

Ziz is one of the important cities that Geographers and Historians have described it in the early centuries and Mid-Islamic period. Ziz was a city of the Arrajan Khore, which is located ... Read More

The Influences of Islamic Beliefs on the Structural Patterns of Residential Areas: A Case from Golchinan Sectors of Yazd City

hamid azizi; hassan karimiyan

Volume 10, Issue 2 , January 2019, , Pages 205-220

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2018.208157.142295

Abstract

According to many researches, the beliefs are the Influential factors in the architectural elements and city spaces through which the cities are known as reflection of resident’s ... Read More

Archaeological Evidence for the Chronology and Occupation Processes of Jondishapur City

mohammad saeidpour; KARIM HAJEZADEH; REZA REZALO; HASAN KARIMYAN

Volume 9, Issue 2 , April 2018, , Pages 103-121

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2018.211719.142309

Abstract

Jundishapur is one of the towns with a rectangular plan, built by Shapur I in the north of the Kuzistan close to the Mansor River and like Bishapur, on one side is limited to the river, ... Read More

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Spatial Archaeology; A Scientific Approach to the Study and Analysis of Architectural Works, Urban Spaces, and Ancient Contexts

AbbasAli Ahmadi

Volume 7, Issue 2 , December 2016, , Pages 103-116

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.57750

Abstract

In the past two decades several new approaches have emerged in archeology. New archeology which found its true nature in deep interdisciplinary relations created new approaches involving ... Read More

The Rise and Fall of a Capital: Soltanieh Through History

Homayoon Rezvan; Hassan Karimian

Volume 6, Issue 1 , September 2014, , Pages 39-54

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2014.52672

Abstract

Although Ilkhanids (1256-1353 CE) initially selected Maraghe and then Tabriz as their capital, the thought of founding a new city as a symbol of their kingdom encouraged them to establish ... Read More

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Author = Hasan Karimiyan

Forging historical and cultural monuments in Iran

Abstract

Maritime trade between Iran and China in the first to tenth centuries AH based on the excavated pottery from the Persian Gulf region

Abstract

Reflection of Zaydi Shia Beliefs on Alid Coins of Tabaristan

Abstract

Historical Developments of Natanz City Based on the Written Sources and Architectural Evidence

Abstract

Sirjan, One of the Glassmaking Centers in Southeast Iran in Early Islamic Centuries: Classification and Typology of the Glassware of Old City of Sirjan

Abstract

Study of the Evolution of Finny Tower Tombs in Islamic Architecture: the Case Study of Azhar Tower of Dargazin, Iran

Abstract

Identifying the Location of Ziz City Using Historical Sources and Archaeological Surveys

Abstract

The Influences of Islamic Beliefs on the Structural Patterns of Residential Areas: A Case from Golchinan Sectors of Yazd City

Abstract

Archaeological Evidence for the Chronology and Occupation Processes of Jondishapur City

Abstract

Spatial Archaeology; A Scientific Approach to the Study and Analysis of Architectural Works, Urban Spaces, and Ancient Contexts

Abstract

The Rise and Fall of a Capital: Soltanieh Through History

Abstract