Journal of Archaeological Studies

The Bawa Yawan rockshelter and cave complex, located in the west-central Zagros region of Iran, stands out as a significant Paleolithic site due to its spanning the three periods of ... Read More

Research Paper

Manufacture and Use of Bone Tools in Neolithic Societies: Bone Tools from the Posht-e Forudgah Malayer Mound

Khalil-Ollah Beik-Mohammadi; Fahimeh Rahmani

Volume 17, Issue 2 , August 2025, Pages 33-65

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2025.400621.143370

Abstract

The Posht-e Forudgah Malayer mound, located on the Malayer Plain in the Central Zagros, represents semi-nomadic communities whose subsistence economy during the Late Neolithic was based ... Read More

Research Paper

Typological and Structural study of Pottery from Tell Aswad, Damascus, Syria: A Proposed Chronology Based on Thermoluminescence/Optically Stimulated Luminescence (TL-OSL) Dating

Naowar Ahmad; Farshid Iravani Ghadim; Ahmad Aliyari; Mohsen Mohammadi Achachluei

Volume 17, Issue 2 , August 2025, Pages 67-95

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2025.396851.143353

Abstract

One of the most significant Neolithic sites in southwestern Syria is Tell Aswad. This site was excavated by DeContenson and Stordeur, and a limited number of pottery sherds were recovered. ... Read More

Research Paper

Bridging the Gap: Godin Tepe and the Origins of Proto-Elamite Communities

Rouhollah Yousefi; Hassan Afshari Salaki; Donya Etemadifar

Volume 17, Issue 2 , August 2025, Pages 97-125

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2025.392835.143343

Abstract

Based on archaeological evidence, during the mid and late fourth millennium BCE, Godin Tepe lacked hallmark Uruk material culture (such as distinctive pottery, specific architecture, ... Read More Based on archaeological evidence, during the mid and late fourth millennium BCE, Godin Tepe lacked hallmark Uruk material culture (such as distinctive pottery, specific architecture, or administrative technologies), and thus cannot be identified as a purely Uruk trading outpost. The discovery of tablets with layouts and structures closely resembling Proto-Elamite texts indicates the existence of a local administrative system linked to the management of highland community resources, integrating Godin Tepe into the wider Proto-Elamite economic network. The complementary functions of pastoral nomadism (livestock products and transport services) and sedentary agriculture (agricultural produce and handicrafts) suggest that Godin Tepe acted as a conduit for regional exchange and a seasonal gathering place for nomadic groups. Findings such as the coexistence of Susa II economic tablets and formative Proto-Elamite types, the presence of pottery from the highlands and the central plateau, and the application of standard Proto-Elamite architecture reinforce the site’s role as a multi-cultural commercial hub and a meeting point for administrative technologies (including economic tablets and sealings). Additionally, storage facilities and large jars underline Godin’s function in warehousing and distribution. Chronologically, the material culture of Godin VI:1 bridges the gap between Susa II and Susa III and documents the initial stage of Proto-Elamite formation (ca. 3500–3200 BCE), marking the transformation from purely numerical tablets to fully developed Proto-Elamite texts. This “Formative Proto-Elamite” phase is defined by administrative innovations, cultural diversity, and expanded regional interaction, occurring in parallel with the ongoing Uruk/Susa II culture. Collectively, the evidence positions Godin Tepe not as a peripheral Uruk outpost, but as an active commercial center for Proto-Elamite pastoral nomads, with a central role in the development of administrative systems.

Research Paper

Stone as Symbol in the Funerary Practice of the Srubnaya-Andronovo Cultural Sphere

Ilshat Bakhshiev

Volume 17, Issue 2 , August 2025, Pages 127-143

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2025.397096.143354

Abstract

This article is devoted to analyzing the role of stone as a symbolic substitute for the body of the deceased in the funerary practices of the Srubnaya-Andronovo cultural circle during ... Read More

Research Paper

Nebuchadnezzar II and the Jews: A Critical Reassessment of Archaeological, Historical, and Religious Narratives

Musallam Al-Rawahneh

Volume 17, Issue 2 , August 2025, Pages 145-165

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2025.394675.143348

Abstract

The figure of Nebuchadnezzar II continues to fascinate scholars precisely because of the striking contradictions in how different sources remember him. While Babylonian records celebrate ... Read More

Research Paper

AMS Radicarbon (C14) Dating of Human Skeletal Remains from the Mersinchal Cemetery, Semnan, Iran

Mohammadreza Nemati; Sahar Bakhtiari

Volume 17, Issue 2 , August 2025, Pages 167-187

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2025.395930.143351

Abstract

Radiocarbon dating is a fundamental method employed in archaeological, historical, and paleographic research to determine the chronological framework of findings. This article discusses ... Read More Radiocarbon dating is a fundamental method employed in archaeological, historical, and paleographic research to determine the chronological framework of findings. This article discusses the results of radiocarbon dating analyses conducted on human remains recovered from six graves excavated during the fourth season of the Mersinchal Archaeological Project. The Mersinchal Cemetery is located in Telajim Village, Mehdi Shahar County, Semnan Province, Iran. Four seasons of archaeological excavations have been conducted at this site, leading to the proposal of a relative dating for the cemetery, attributed to the late first millennium BC, based on the analysis of the findings. This article adopts a research methodology that integrates both fieldwork and laboratory analysis. During the fieldwork phase, burial practices and graves Finds were carefully examined and systematically documented. Human samples were selected for further scientific analysis. In the laboratory phase, six human skeletal samples discovered during the fourth season of excavations at the Mersinchal cemetery were analyzed for absolute dating using radiocarbon (14C) techniques and employing the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) method. The main purpose of this article is to establish an absolute chronology for the Mersinchal cemetery and answer some fundamental questions, including: To which cultural periods does this cemetery belong? What do burial practices and the associated findings within the graves? And what insights can be gained about their diet? The radiocarbon dating results indicate that this cemetery was used between 409 BC to 51 BCE, corresponding to Achaemenid, Seleucid, and Parthian periods. Interestingly, the burial practices and objects inside the graves remained consistent throughout these periods, showing no significant change over time. The isotopic values of the individuals indicated that their diet, influenced by local agriculture, consisted of both C3 and C4 plants. Animal proteins, including meat and dairy products, were also included in the diet.

Research Paper

Onomastics of Persepolis in Historical Documents and Texts: From the Beginnings to the Qajar Period

Amir Rakee; Goodarz Rashtiani

Volume 17, Issue 2 , August 2025, Pages 189-215

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2025.393407.143344

Abstract

This article investigates the historical evolution of the names attributed to Persepolis, one of Iran’s most prominent archaeological sites. The study addresses a central problem ... Read More

Research Paper

The Sheikh-Makan Monument in Ilam Province, Western Iran: Fire Temple or Water Mill?

Leila Khosravi

Volume 17, Issue 2 , August 2025, Pages 217-235

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2025.392824.143342

Abstract

The Sheikh Makan structure in Ilam Province represents one of the most debated architectural remains from the Sasanian period, consistently drawing scholarly attention and controversy. ... Read More The Sheikh Makan structure in Ilam Province represents one of the most debated architectural remains from the Sasanian period, consistently drawing scholarly attention and controversy. This study employs a systematic methodology to analyze the site’s architectural features, construction techniques, and archaeological context in order to determine its primary function. The rectangular complex comprises a central domed chamber, a vaulted iwan, and integrated hydraulic channels elements characteristic of industrial architecture, particularly watermill infrastructure. Notably, the structure lacks key markers typically associated with Sasanian religious architecture, such as circumambulatory corridors, fire temple, and the canonical north-south sacred orientation. In contrast, the building displays unmistakable industrial features, including flour production mechanisms and milling apparatus. A comparative analysis with established Sasanian religious complexes most notably the Negar Fire Temple and the Espakho Temple reveals significant divergences in spatial organization and intended use. Archaeological evidence, supplemented by ethnoarchaeological data, supports the hypothesis of its prolonged use as a hydraulic mill, indicating the functional adaptation of a Sasanian-era construction during later periods. The site’s strategic location adjacent to defensive structures and historical trade routes further underscores its economic rather than religious significance. Although some scholars, have proposed a sacred function for the site (suggesting it may have served as a fire temple), the present study definitively identifies the structure’s primary role as an industrial facility. It thus offers a paradigmatic example of Sasanian architectural repurposing in the Islamic era. These findings underscore the need for targeted archaeological excavations to resolve existing chronological ambiguities and to trace the developmental trajectory of the building within the broader framework of Iranian architectural history. Ultimately, this research makes a significant contribution to understanding the functional transformation of built environments and the complex interplay between sacred and utilitarian spaces in post-Sasanian Iran.

Research Paper

New Researchs on the Discovery of Sogdian Graves in China

Yuanqi Zhao

Volume 17, Issue 2 , August 2025, Pages 237-265

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2025.383454.143305

Abstract

Sogdiana was one of the oldest city-states in Eastern Iran, and it was located along the ancient Silk Road. According to historical records and archaeological materials, numerous Sogdian ... Read More

Research Paper

Documentation and 3D Modeling of Mountain Castles Using Drone Photogrammetry at the Historic Forg Castle

Fereshte Azarkhordad; Hasan Hashemi Zarajabad

Volume 17, Issue 2 , August 2025, Pages 267-281

https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2025.398310.143363

Abstract

Forg Castle is a mountain fortress dating back to the Late Islamic period (from the Afsharid to the Qajar era). Due to its strategic location and unique architecture, the castle has ... Read More

Volume 17 (2025)

Volume 16 (2024)

Volume 15 (2023)

Volume 14 (2022)

Volume 13 (2021)

Volume 12 (2020)

Volume 11 (2019)

Volume 10 (2018)

Volume 9 (2017)

Volume 8 (2016)

Volume 7 (2015)

Volume 6 (2014)

Volume 5 (2013)

Volume 4 (2012)

Volume 3 (2011)

Volume 1 (2009)

Volume & Issue: Volume 17, Issue 2 - Serial Number 37, August 2025

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