Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph .D. in Archeology, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.

2 Ph.D. Candidate in Archeology, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran.

Abstract

Qaleh Sam is located in Holeylan district in Sirvan/Shirvan County in the northeast of Ilam province. This monument is one of the worthy Iranian architecture in the central Zagros cultural zone. Despite its importance, this monument is unknown until now. Qaleh Sam is located in Si’pelah canyon on the border of Lorestan and Ilam provinces. In Si’pelah, in addition to Qaleh Sam, remains some of the other buildings such as: a bridge, some military installations, a Char Taq, a water mill, and two ruined sites. The distribution pattern of these monuments in Si’pelah Canyon shows that they are related to Qaleh Sam, and they could be interpreted together. As the focal point of formation for the architetural complex in Si’pelah canyon the Qale Sam has archaeological and architectural values. The main structure of this monument consists of a residential building with a focal char tag in down and a fortress on top. Nevertheless, it has been neglected by researchers and its historical and functional nature remains unclear. The purpose of this paper is the introduction the Qale Sam by relying on archaeological findings and existing architectural evidence and evaluating and analyzing functional identity and its chronology. The research approach is historical and findings have been collected through field methods and the study of library texts. The study of archaeological and architectural findings of Qale Sam along with the study of its geographic location and the analysis of the spatial organization of all works in Si’pelah canyon show that Qaleh Sam has been a security residency of a high-grade person. The analysis of these monument in the regional context indicated that it has been built based on political and security objectives in a mountainous situation, with the creation of several military structures around it. Architectural elements, scattered pottery on surface, and stucco decorations used in the building show that Qale Sam was constructed in the late Sassanid period and the early Islamic centuries.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Afshar-e- Sistani, I. 1993. Ilam and it’s ancient Civilization, first edition, Tehran, Printing and Publishing Organization of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance.[In Persian].
Azarnoush, M. 1994. The Sasanian Manor House at Hajiabad, Iran. In: Topoi, Volume 5/2, 1995.
Besenval, R. 2000.Technologie de la voute dans l’orient ancien, Translated by Seyyed Mohhsen –e- Habibi, Tehran, ICHTO-ICAR (Pezhoheshghah).[In Persian]. 
Bier, L. 2006. Sarvestan (Iranian Architectural Complex from its inception to the Rise of Islam), Translated by Amir Houssein Soltani Karbas Foroush, Tehran, Sobhan Noor. [In Persian].
Deshayes, J. 1987. “Fouilles de Tureng – Tepe les Periods Sadanian ET Islamicues”. Paris.
De Morgan, J. 1896. Mission Scientifique en Perse (Recherches Archeologiques), Paris.
Estakhri, A. E. 1993. Mamalekol Masalek, Translated by Mohammad Ibn-e- As’ad Ibn-e-Abdillah Tostari, with attempted by Iraj Afshar, Tehran, Iraj Afshar Endowment Foundation, Tehran. [In Persian].
Galdieri, E. 1973. Isfahan: Masgid – I Guma 2, the Al-i Buyide Period. Rome.
Ghirshman, R. 1938. “Les fouilles de Chapour (Iran) (deuxieme champagne 1936/37).” Revue des arts asiatiques, XII, 1938, 12- 19.
HassanPour, A. 2012a. Second season of Archaeological excavation of the ancient site of Ramavand Qa’la Ghowri (Saymare Dam Basin, kouhnani district, Kuhdasht County), Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Luristan Province. [In Persian]. 
— 2012b. “Survey and Comparative Comparison of the Stuccos of obtained from the excavation of Qelagowri Ramavand building”, Archaeological Researches of Seymareh Dam Basin, With Attempt of Leili Niakan, Tehran, Cultural Heritage and Tourism Research Institute Publications, pp. 263-278. [In Persian]. 
Huff, D. 1971, “Qual‘a- ye Dukhtar bei Firuzabad: Ein Beitragzur sasanidischen Iastrachitektur.” Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran (N.F). IV, 1971. 127-71.
— 1977, “Aspect Historie et Archaeologiques in Ghala Dokhtar, Atechkade”, H. Hugi, Ecolepolytechnique, federal, Zurich, Avril.
Hans, H. 2007. Ghala Dokhtar atachkade, Sassanid Historical Monuments of Firoozabad-Fars Preliminary Report, Translated by Farzin Fardanesh, Cultural Heritage Organization (Pezhoheshgah). [In Persian].
Huff, D. 1987. Firoozabad, Translated by Keramatollah Afsar, Iranian cities, Vol.2, Collector Mohammad Yousef Kiani, Tehran, Ministry of Culture and Guidance. [In Persian].
Ibn-e- Faghih-e- Hamedani, A. A. I. M. 1885. Summary of Book of Alboldan, Research of M. Dekhoyeh, Liden, Brill. [In Persian].
Ibn-e- Hoghal, M. 1966. Soratollarz, Translated by Ja’far Shoar, Tehran, Foundantion of culture of Iran. [In Persian].
Ibn-e- Khordadbeh, 1991. Masalek- al- Mamalek, Translated by Saeed Khakrand, Tehran, Hritage of Nations. [In Persian].
IzadPanah, H. 1972. Old and Historical Monuments of Luristan, vol. 1, Tehran, Iranian Honors Association. [In Persian].
Jeyhani, A. A. 1989. Ashkalol Alam, Translated by Ali ibn-e- Abdolssalam–e- Kateb, With Introduction and Teachings Firooz Mansouri, Astan Qouds Razavi Press, first edition, Tehran. [In Persian].
Kaboli, M. 2015. “Ghala Sam of Holilan Vally of Ilam Province”, Cultural Heritage Honors, No. 1, Sadeqh Malekshahmirzadi Celebration, by Morteza Hesari, Tehran, ICHTO. [In Persian].
Keroger, Y. 2017. Stucco Decorations of Sasanid, Translated by Faramarz Na’jd Samiei, First edition, Tehran, Samt. [In Persian].
Kleiss, V. 1987. Iranian Architecture of the Islamic Period- Palaces, Translated by Mohammad Yousef Kiani, Tehran, ACECR. [In Persian].
Keall, E. J., 1967, “Qaleh- I Yazdigird: A Sasanian Palace Stronghold in Persian Kurdistan”, Iran V: 99-121.
Lacoste, H. 1954. “L‘are de Ctesiphone”. Sumer X pp. 8- 22.
Luigi Corisi, A. 2017. “A brif note on early Abbasid Stucco decoration”, Vicino Orinte, No. 21, pp.83-95.
Lakpour, S. 2010. Researches and Archeology Excavation of Dareshar (saymareh), Tehran, Pazineh. [In Persian].
Le Strange, G. 1994. The lands of the eastern caliphate, Translated by Mahmoud Erfan, Tehran, Scientific and cultural company. [In Persian].
Marquart, Y. 1994. Iranshahr based on the Geography of Musa Khorani, Translated by Maryam Ahmadi, Tehran, Information Press.
Majmalol tavarikh Val Quosas, 1939. To Correction of Malekol sho’ara-ye- Bahar, Tehran, east Press. [In Persian].
Mahmodiyan, H. 2004. Overview of the ancient castles of Ilam province, First edition, Ilam, accent Press. [In Persian].
Naumann, R. 1977, Die Ruinen von Takhte Suleiman und zandan –e Suleiman, Berlin.
Parviz, A. 2001. The Bridge and its Evolution in the Realm of the Government of Badr ibn Hasanouyeh, M. A Dissertation, with Under Guidnes Sosan Bayani, Tehran University, Faculty of Literature and Humanities Sciences. [In Persian].
Pirani, B. 2001. Registration file of the Historical Site of ghala-e-Sam, Cultural Heritage Documentation Center, Tehran, Unpublished. [In Persian].
Pirniya, M.K. 1969. “Grand Mosque”, Iranian Journal of Archaeology and Art, No. V, pp. 1-13. [In Persian].
Rowlinson, H. C. 1983. Rowlinson’s Travelogue, Translated by Sekandar Amanollahi Baharvand, Tehran, Aghah. [In Persian].
Reuther, O. 1938, “Sasanian Architecture.” In survey of Persian Art. Oxford, I, 493- 578.
— 2014. Sasanid Architecture, Translated by Mahdi Moghiseh and Mohammad Ali Shakeri Rad, A Survey of Persian art. Arthur Upham Pope and Phyllis Ackerman (Eds), Vol. 2, Tehran, Scintific and Cultural Press, [In Persian].  
Rahbar, M. 1997. Archaeological excavations of Bandiyan Dargaz, Archaeological Report, No. 1, RICHT. [In Persian].
Sarfaraz, A. A., Ahmad, C. A. & Mohammad Reza Saeedi. 2014. Ancient City of Bishapour, first edition, Samt. [In Persian].
Stein, A, 1940. Old Rutes, of western Iran, New Yourk, Greenwood Press.
Trinkaus, Kathryn Maurer, 1981. The Partho – Sasanian Northeast Frontier: Settlement in the Damghan Plain, Iran. University of Pennsyivania.
Tabari, M. J. 1996. History of Tabari, Translated by Abolghasem Payandeh, Vol.12, Tehran, Asatir. [In Persian].
Vassegh Abassi, Z & Reza Mehrafarin. 2018. “Analysism, Typologym and Chronology of Stuccos in the place of Kuhe Khvājeh. Journal of Historia IŚWAT. No. 7. 110-128.
Whitcomb, D. 1985. Before the Roses and nightingales: Excavation at Qasr-I abu Nasr, Old Shiraz, NewYourk.
Yaghobi, I. V. 1964. Alboldan, Translated by Mohammad Ebrahim Ayati, Tehran, Translate and Edition Book of company.  Translate and edition of Book. [In Persian].
Yaghobi, A. I. E. (1970 A.D- 1390 heg) Tarikhe Yaghobi, Beirut, Darolsadr.
Zamorshidi, H. 1994. Voult and Arch in the Iranian architecture, Second edition, Tehran, Kayhan. [In Persian].