Archaeometrical and Mineralogical Studies for the Characterization of Brick Finds from Tol-e Ajori Site
Mohammad Amin
Emami
Assistant Professor, Department of Conservation, Art University of Isfahan
author
Simin
Aria-Nasab
MA ُStudent, Department of Conservation, Art University of Isfahan
author
Hossein
Ahmadi
Assistant Professor, Department of Conservation, Art University of Isfahan
author
Alireaza
Asgari-Chaverdi
Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Shiraz
author
Pier
Francessco Callieri
Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Ravenna
author
text
article
2015
per
"Tol-e- Ajori" is one of the most important ancient sites that is located in Marvdasht plain and three seasons of excavations have been carried out on this site. The goal of expeditions in the excavation of Tol-e- Ajori is the discovery of architectural remains from Achaemenian period which is also decorated with glazed brick.
These investigations focused on the characterization and manufacturing process of glazed bricks. Archaeometrical studies are dedicated to technology of the bricks and the glaze through the laboratory studies. Analytical strategies carried out by means of using XRD & XRF, thermal analysis (DTA & TG), and petrographic studies in order to get related information about technology and the manufacturing process of the bricks. Quartz identified as the main phase constituting the bricks in a brick texture fine and uniform dispersion, and formation of secondary phases such as calcite, sericite, anorthite, gehlenite and pyroxene in the brick’s texture suggests that the temperature is approximately about 1100 to 1140°C. Recrystallization of secondary phases were also be the major distraction effect in the body of the Bricks The complex of lead antimony and lead bismuth were the main base of chemical composition of the glaze.
Journal of Archaeological Studies
Univarsity of Tehran
2251-9297
6
v.
2
no.
2015
1
19
https://jarcs.ut.ac.ir/article_54169_772fc37f621d29cc5529cdabe017f804.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.54169
The Vanished Relief of Sassanian King in Naghsh-e Rustam V:
An Appraisal
Mirza Mohammad
Hassani
Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad University of Shahrood
author
text
article
2015
per
With the eight Sassanians reliefs, Naghsh-e Rustam in Marvdasht is a prominent complex safeguarding a complete collection of the Sassanian period. Seven of these reliefs have been repeatedly the subject of investigations thanks to their relatively better conditions. The fifth relief, however, has not yet been studied due to their damaged status. It depicts the full-face portrait of a Sassanid king carved in relief. Historically, in other Sassanid reliefs as well as coins and vessels alike, the same method was exercised to portray kings. The king carved in this relief is wearing an embattled crown posing him as Shapur II (309-379 AD). Since no relief had previously been associated to his long 70-year reign, relating this relief to him was highly welcomed by researchers.
In a bid to identify the king in the relief, and through a close investigation of the relief and compare it with another ones, this study compared the mixed opinions on four different kings (Shapur II, Adhur Narseh, Shapur III and Shapur I) who might possibly be carved in this relief. Finally, the possibility of assignment of the relief to Shapur I is discussed.
Journal of Archaeological Studies
Univarsity of Tehran
2251-9297
6
v.
2
no.
2015
21
37
https://jarcs.ut.ac.ir/article_54170_9d3b722650aaf513644b3fe6fbd8184e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.54170
Explaining the 3rd Millennium B.C. Cultures of Kur River Basin Based on the Excavation at Tol-e Gap-e Kenareh, Marvdasht
Morteza
Khanipoor
Ph.D Student, Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran
author
Reza
Nouroozi
Iranian Centre for Archaeological Research
author
Reza
Naseri
Ph.D Student, Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran
author
Salman
Khosravi
M.A Student of Archaeology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan
author
Milad
Zeraatpishe
MA student of Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran
author
Habib
Emadi
MA student of Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran
author
text
article
2015
per
According to the Geographical and environmental situation, the Kur River Basin have been occupied from the Middle Paleolithic to the modern times. Of the ancient cultures of the region, the 3rd Millennium B.C cultures contemporary with Proto-Elemite and the Elemite Dynasties have less known. Despite to the importance of this span of time, there is not clear understanding on the transition from the proto-Elemite /Banesh to Early Elemite/Kaftari in Fars yet. Of the reasons of such understanding are the rarity of the excavation, incoherency of the undertaken excavations, limited published reports and narrow use of the archaeological science; in addition, according to the some parameters such as environmental factors, the location of the settlements are relocated all the time as it is difficult to find a site containing the whole prehistoric sequence of Fars. Some archaeologists such as Sumner have believed in a gap in between of given periods in Fars. Sumner and Miller however, have recently believed that there are limit amount of population were settled in Malyan at this span of time. The excavation at Tol-e Gap-e Kenareh as a site containing the 3rd Millennium B.C cultures of Fars cultural sequence i.e. Banesh, transition to Kaftari and Early Kaftari can shed light better understanding of given cultures. This paper is based on the excavation at Tol-e Gap-e Kenareh, and trying to open a discussion on the 3rd Millennium B.C. cultures of Fras.
Journal of Archaeological Studies
Univarsity of Tehran
2251-9297
6
v.
2
no.
2015
39
58
https://jarcs.ut.ac.ir/article_54171_4b7886a2e9c34522a366aea197550d43.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.54171
Critical Analysis of Theories on the Origin of Ayvan
Abbas
Rezaei Nia
Ph. D Candidate, Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran
author
Hayedeh
Laleh
Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran
author
text
article
2015
per
As the achievement and an invaluable index of the Iranian culture, Ayvan (known also as Eyvan) has been the subject of many pieces of research by architects, archaeologists and art historians for almost a century. Although it is a conventional space for the researchers, Ayvan is widely unknown and neglected. To be recognized as it deserves and to understand its origin, shape, concept, and function, a deep and meticulous approach is required. A comprehensive analysis of Ayvan provides a comparison of this structure through different periods in the tradition of Iranian architecture and enables us in arriving at an exact recognition and analysis of Ayvan. This knowledge hasa vital contribution to the advancement of studies in archeology, history, architecture, and art history. The advent of Ayvan, its continuation in the course of history, and the factors influencing its formation have not yet been fully analyzed. This paper aims at a critical analysis of the hypotheses regarding the origin and the development of Ivan in the tradition of Iranian architecture. A better understanding of the true origin of this structure provides a better understanding of its functions. As one of the obvious symbols of spiritual and material aspects of Iranian high culture, Ayvan has therefore played a key role in understanding the characteristics and cultural values of the Iranian society, reflecting the technical skills, artistry, elegance and the subtlety of thought among Iranians.
Journal of Archaeological Studies
Univarsity of Tehran
2251-9297
6
v.
2
no.
2015
59
71
https://jarcs.ut.ac.ir/article_54173_b7635a27b4560cd5546d3802eda4d881.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.54173
Survey and Study of Ilkahanid Pottery from Archaeological Excavations in Arzanfood
Mohammad Ebrahim
Zarei
Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan
author
Ali
Khaksar
MA in Archaeology, Cultural Heritag Organization of Hamadan
author
Abbas
Motarjem
Asistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan
author
Farhad
Amini
MA Student of Archaeology, University of Tehran
author
Aezam
Dini
M.A Student of Archaeology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan
author
text
article
2015
per
Although many studies and excavations at Islamic sites have been done, and something position of Islamic pottery have been marked, but there is a lot of problem exist in this case like centers of pottery and stylistics diversity. Therefore archaeological excavationswith accurate studies can solve very of this problems. In this paper Il-Khanid pottery from three season archeological excavation at Arzanfood will be study, with hypothesis that they product at Hamedan. One of the important point of this study is that the situation of some Il-Khanid pottery at Hamadan, such”black under blue painted” and “Sultānabād pottery” from the point of view stylistic and production centers have been detected. whit this study ,Hamedan is another of the production centers of ”black under blue painted” pottery and“Sultānabād pottery” and Beside them, some new glazed pottery related to this period discovered and studied.
Journal of Archaeological Studies
Univarsity of Tehran
2251-9297
6
v.
2
no.
2015
73
90
https://jarcs.ut.ac.ir/article_54174_557710ff0666d3bd4221d7df939e48e8.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.54174
Investigating the Post Depositional Processes of Tepe Ferizi in the Sabzevar Plain
Hadi
Sabori
MA student of Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran
author
Hasan
Talai
Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran
author
Omran
Garazhian
Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Neyshabur
author
text
article
2015
per
The analysis of natural and cultural factors in the contexts of an archeological site would reveal the processes constituting the event of settlement after the formation of cultural layers. In other words with the study of cultural processes, we seek the information and patterns which cause formation, shaping, and unevenness of the site to its present shape. In this regard, the initial studies in Tepe Ferizi indicated that its particular current shape and topography has been formed under the depositional processes of natural factors because of the specific ecological characteristics of the area. The study site is located in northwest of Sabzevar close to the Sabzevar–Esfarayen Road. According to the surveys conducted in this region most of the artifacts discovered from Ferizi site were assigned to be contemporanous with the Bronze Age horizon and most of its pottery materials were recognized to be related to the Bactria Margiana archaeological complex (BMAC). Based on the distribution of surfacial artifacts on the site it can be regarded as one of the largest settlements of Bronze Age north east of Iran.The main goal of the study of post-depositional processes in Ferizi site is to understand the formation of depositions and cultural layers after the abandonment of site and to assess the role of the different natural and cultural factors affecting the transformations of the site.
Journal of Archaeological Studies
Univarsity of Tehran
2251-9297
6
v.
2
no.
2015
91
111
https://jarcs.ut.ac.ir/article_54176_d31cec161c99b6872f4c54d56c7b6a60.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.54176
The Role of the Parthian’s Zahhak Complex in the Expansion of Mithraism and its Regional Architectural Characteristics
Behrouz
Omrani
Ph.D. in Archaeology, Iranian Center for Archaeological Research
author
Amin
Moradi
Ph.D. Candidate in Islamic Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, University of Mazandaran
author
text
article
2015
per
During history, few eras have been as ambiguous and dark as Parthians. Mithraism ideology had king’s support and promised salvation and a new after-death world to the soldiers. From this view, Parthians cared about the political aspect of the religion rather than the religion itself. Mithras Temple is a good example of political reaction of Parthians against Roman religious architectures. After Parthians’ conquers and the increase of border conflicts in the western and northwestern parts of Iran, remains of Zahhak can be considered as the focus of power center in first century A.D. In a way that the influence of religion is evident with direct and determining presence of temple in martial-political destiny of the country. Since unlike the other regions, the Parthian temples have not been discovered so far from inside Iran this study aims to introduce Zahak Temple in northwest Iran through describing its historical, geographic, and cultural backgrounds to conclude that Zahak can be viewed as a gate of Mithraism entrance to Europe and a start point of Iranian thought influence into the west.
Journal of Archaeological Studies
Univarsity of Tehran
2251-9297
6
v.
2
no.
2015
113
130
https://jarcs.ut.ac.ir/article_54177_dfc03d349882fc82dc87f1272be74eef.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.54177
The First Yue Celadon in Iran and its Distribution Pattern in the Early Islamic Period
Mahsa
Faizi
Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran
author
Firoz
Mahjour
Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran
author
text
article
2015
per
Celadon as one of the oldest potteries originated at China during the Shang Period (3500 B.C (in Zhejiang province. From the Han dynasty (206-221 A.D), true celadon ware started to appear and these advances would be followed by various kilns in northern and southern china until 17th century. The main aims of this study include: determining the date of first arrival of celadon pottery to Iran and its distribution in the various parts of Iran in early Islamic periods. Our study mainly is based of the use of historical written sources of China and Iran alongside the comparative survey of the data which found out from archeological studies in coastal regions of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea and main interior sites of Iran in early Islamic Period. We found that at the first time the Yue Ware were appeared in Siraf in the late 9th century and lasted there about 12 th centaury. The Yue Wares not only in Siraf but have been seen from the same horizons of Kish, Hormuz, Nishabur and even from the southern coastal sites of the Persian Gulf. It seems that after this time because of the changes occurred in the Yue Wares production kilns the wares were replaced by the Longquan Celadon pottery techniques. Regard the large quantities of Yue wares in the [1]coastal regions of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea it seems that instead the interior regions, the Yue wares were just common in the coastal areas may due to the proximity to the sea trade routes [1]
Journal of Archaeological Studies
Univarsity of Tehran
2251-9297
6
v.
2
no.
2015
131
148
https://jarcs.ut.ac.ir/article_54179_1c0f0e048ef22162c14f39970a24ebc1.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.54179
History of Pars During the Arsacid Era Based on the Numismatic Evidence
Yaghoub
Mohammadifar
Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan
author
Alireza
Khounani
M.A Student of Archaeology, Open University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
author
text
article
2015
per
The decentralized structure of the Arsacid Empire brought both positive and negative consequences to the country. Despite all confusions, this particular political trend helped ancient and local traditions to grow and flourish. At this time Pars although has been isolated but played an important role to guard and respect the basic ideologies of the past Achaemenids. Persis kings’ coins minted from 280 B.C. to about 224 A.D. at ancient Achaemenid centers such as Persepolis, Pasargadae and also Istakhr-the new capital of the region- are considered to be the most essential sources of study the obscure part of the history of Iran. The Persis kings on their coins showed their great respect to the Achaemenid legacy by portraying the motifs of Achaemenid rules. It seems that the Parthian religious tolerances or the Arsacid kings supports have encouraged the Persis kings tendencies towards the Iranian old cultures and the processes of revival.
Journal of Archaeological Studies
Univarsity of Tehran
2251-9297
6
v.
2
no.
2015
149
165
https://jarcs.ut.ac.ir/article_54180_85367ebbf40a7bf101d75f9df56b19e7.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.54180
A Comparative Study on the Urbanization Periods of the Mehran Plain Based on the Pottery Finds from Chogha Ahowan
Parisa
Nekouei
Ph. D Student, Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran
author
Hassan
Fazeli Nashli
Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran
author
Ardeshir
Javanmard Zadeh
Ph.D. in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran
author
text
article
2015
per
Mehran Plain is located in the cultural region of South West Iran. Studying the geographic location of this region in relation to the formation of early states is important. The cultural materials of Chogha Ahowan in Mehran plain would explain the process of urbanization and Cultural interactions of this region with its neighbors. According to the surveys conducted to collect necessary pottery materials from the simultaneous adjacent areas, potteries of trench II attributed to the early urbanization and urbanization period were classified and analyzed. These potteries on the basis of forms are divided into seven groups including jar, crock, bowl, tray, spout vessels, handle vessels and miniature vessels. Based on the typology and the characteristics of each pottery type we tried to represent a clear result of the pottery industry for the area during the early urbanization and urbanization periods.
Journal of Archaeological Studies
Univarsity of Tehran
2251-9297
6
v.
2
no.
2015
167
184
https://jarcs.ut.ac.ir/article_54181_9121eebb6edc5c2ccdbbac1f65869cff.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2015.54181